What is Every Model of Therapy and Why Do They All Exist?

A comprehensive dictionary of psychotherapy models, their histories, founders, and techniques.

📚 Introduction

Psychotherapy is a vast field with numerous approaches, techniques, and models developed over decades of research and practice. This comprehensive dictionary aims to demystify the various types of psychotherapy, providing insights into their founders, approaches, techniques, focus, historical context, and criticisms. Whether you're a mental health professional, student, or simply curious about the world of psychotherapy, this guide will help you navigate the diverse landscape of therapeutic approaches.

📅 Historical Timeline of Development

1890s

Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud, Eugene Bleuer

1900s

Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung (1907)
Individual Psychology: Alfred Adler (1911)

1910s

Psychosynthesis: Roberto Assagioli (1911)
Behavioral Psychology: John B. Watson (1913)

1920s

Morita Therapy: Shoma Morita (1919)
Child Analysis: Anna Freud, Melanie Klein
Psychodrama: Jacob L. Moreno (1921)
Sand Tray Therapy: Margaret Lowenfeld (1929)

1930s

Art Therapy: Adrian Hill, Margaret Naumburg
Object Relations Theory: Melanie Klein

1940s-50s

Person-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers
Gestalt Therapy: Fritz Perls, Laura Perls, Paul Goodman
Play Therapy: Virginia Axline (1947)
REBT: Albert Ellis (1955)
Logotherapy: Viktor Frankl (1955)
Transactional Analysis: Eric Berne
Behavioral Therapy: B.F. Skinner, Joseph Wolpe

1960s

Family Systems Therapy: Murray Bowen, Salvador Minuchin, Virginia Satir
Cognitive Therapy: Aaron Beck
Reality Therapy: William Glasser (1965)
Existential Therapy: Rollo May, Irvin Yalom
Bioenergetic Analysis: Wilhelm Reich, Alexander Lowen

1970s

Bioenergetics: Alexander Lowen
Process-Oriented Psychology: Arnold Mindell
Formative Psychology: Stanley Keleman
Zero Balancing: Fritz Smith
CBT: Aaron Beck
ACT: Steven C. Hayes
NLP: Bandler & Grinder

1980s

Internal Family Systems: Richard Schwartz
Coherence Therapy: Bruce Ecker
Clean Language: David Grove
EMDR: Francine Shapiro
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: de Shazer & Berg
Narrative Therapy: White & Epston
MBSR: Jon Kabat-Zinn

1990s

Attachment-Based Family Therapy: Diamond et al.
Narrative Exposure Therapy: Schauer et al.
Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Kohlenberg & Tsai
Panic-Focused Psychodynamic: Barbara Milrod
ETT: Steven Vazquez
Systemic Constellations: Bert Hellinger
AEDP: Diana Fosha
DBT: Marsha Linehan
Schema Therapy: Jeffrey Young
EFT: Greenberg & Johnson
MBCT: Segal, Williams, Teasdale

2000s

Brainspotting: David Grand (2003)
ART: Laney Rosenzweig (2008)
Discernment Counseling: William Doherty
Lifespan Integration: Peggy Pace
PACT: Stan Tatkin
NARM: Laurence Heller
RO-DBT: Thomas Lynch
Rapid Resolution Therapy: Jon Connelly
Compassion-Focused Therapy: Paul Gilbert
IoPT: Franz Ruppert

2010s & Beyond

Internal Attachment Therapy: Lender & Hughey
Ecotherapy: Developed over recent decades
Integrative Psychotherapy: Ongoing development

🧠 Psychotherapy Modalities

A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z

A

Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP)

Founder: Diana Fosha

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

AEDP integrates attachment theory, affective neuroscience, body-focused approaches, and transformational studies. AEDP focuses on healing emotional suffering and fostering resilience by helping clients process difficult emotions and experiences.

Key Techniques

Moment-to-moment tracking Dyadic affect regulation Meta-therapeutic processing

Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART)

Founder: Laney Rosenzweig

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

ART combines elements of EMDR, cognitive therapy, and brief psychodynamic therapy to rapidly resolve traumatic memories and symptoms. ART aims to quickly resolve symptoms of trauma by reprogramming the way distressing memories are stored.

Key Techniques

Voluntary memory replacement Horizontal eye movements Rescripting

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Founders: Hayes, Wilson, Strosahl

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

ACT is a contextual cognitive-behavioral approach that emphasizes mindfulness, acceptance, and values-based action to promote psychological flexibility. It helps clients develop an accepting relationship with thoughts and feelings.

Key Techniques

Cognitive defusion Values clarification Committed action

Adlerian Therapy

Founder: Alfred Adler

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Adlerian Therapy emphasizes the importance of social interest, holism, and the individual's creative power. Focus is on helping clients develop a sense of belonging and purposeful striving.

Key Techniques

Encouragement Early memories exploration Acting "as if"

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Key Figures: B.F. Skinner, Ivar Lovaas

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

ABA applies principles of learning and behavior to assess and modify problematic behaviors and teach new skills. The focus is on improving socially significant behaviors.

Key Techniques

Positive reinforcement Functional assessment Discrete trial training

Archetypal Psychology

Founder: James Hillman

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Emphasizes the role of universal patterns and images in shaping human experience and growth. Focus is on engaging with archetypal themes to deepen self-understanding.

Key Techniques

Active imagination Dream work Myth exploration

Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT)

Founders: Guy Diamond, Gary Diamond, Suzanne Levy

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

ABFT aims to repair ruptures in the parent-child attachment bond to treat adolescent depression and suicide. Focus is on strengthening family relationships to create a secure base.

Key Techniques

Relational reframes Attachment tasks Alliance building

Autogenic Training

Founder: Johannes Heinrich Schultz

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

A relaxation technique that uses self-generated affirmations to promote physical and mental well-being. Focus is on inducing deep relaxation to alleviate stress and anxiety.

Key Techniques

Muscle relaxation Visualization Passive concentration

B

Behavioral Activation (BA)

Founders: Neil S. Jacobson, Peter M. Lewinsohn

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

BA is a structured treatment for depression that focuses on increasing engagement in rewarding activities and reducing avoidance behaviors.

Key Techniques

Activity scheduling Graded tasks Contingency management

Bioenergetic Analysis

Founder: Alexander Lowen

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Building on Wilhelm Reich's work, Lowen theorized that repressed emotions cause chronic muscular tension. Therapy aims to restore the body's natural pulsation and "grounding."

Key Techniques

Grounding exercises Stress postures Expressive movement

Brainspotting

Founder: David Grand

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Brainspotting uses eye positions to access and process trauma stored in the subcortical brain. Focus is on releasing sources of distress in the body.

Key Techniques

Eye positioning Focused mindfulness Bilateral sound

Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT)

Founder: José Szapocznik

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

BSFT targets problematic family interactions to treat adolescent substance abuse and delinquency. Focus is on improving family functioning.

Key Techniques

Joining Reframing Restructuring

C

Child-Centered Play Therapy

Key Figures: Virginia Axline, Garry Landreth

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

A non-directive approach using play to help children express and explore experiences. Focus is on creating a safe, accepting space for children to work through challenges.

Key Techniques

Reflective listening Limit-setting Unconditional positive regard

Clean Language and Symbolic Modeling

Founders: David Grove, Tompkins & Lawley

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Uses metaphor and non-leading questions to help clients explore their inner symbolic landscape. Focus is on helping clients explore their unique mental models.

Key Techniques

Clean questions Metaphor development Spatial arrangement

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Founders: Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Structured therapy focusing on identifying and modifying maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. Focus is on developing adaptive thinking to reduce distress.

Key Techniques

Cognitive Restructuring Exposure Skills training

Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)

Founders: Resick, Monson, Chard

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Structured treatment for PTSD focusing on modifying maladaptive beliefs related to trauma. Focus is on processing traumatic experiences and developing balanced beliefs.

Key Techniques

Impact statement Stuck points Cognitive restructuring

Coherence Therapy

Founders: Bruce Ecker, Laurel Hulley

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Focuses on identifying and transforming unconscious emotional belief systems. Focus is on memory reconsolidation to permanently rewrite neural pathways.

Key Techniques

Symptom deprivation Juxtaposition Retrieval

Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS)

Founder: David A. Jobes

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

A therapeutic framework for assessing and treating suicidality that emphasizes collaboration. Focus is on empowering clients to participate in their own treatment.

Key Techniques

Suicide Status Form Crisis stabilization Collaborative planning

Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT)

Founder: Paul Gilbert

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Designed for clients with high shame and self-criticism. Focus is on cultivating a compassionate mind to regulate mood and sense of safety.

Key Techniques

Compassionate imagery Soothing breathing Compassionate letter writing

D

Developmental Model of Couples Therapy

Founders: Ellyn Bader, Peter Pearson

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Views couples' issues through a developmental lens, focusing on growth. Focus is on differentiation and balancing individual growth with intimacy.

Key Techniques

Differentiation exercises Initiator-Inquirer Developmental assessment

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Founder: Marsha Linehan

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Balances acceptance and change to help clients regulate emotions. Focus is on skills training for mindfulness, distress tolerance, and emotion regulation.

Key Techniques

Mindfulness Distress tolerance Chain analysis

Discernment Counseling

Founder: William J. Doherty

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Short-term therapy for couples where one partner considers divorce. Focus is on helping couples make a clear decision about the future of the relationship.

Key Techniques

Mixed-agenda assessment Decision paths Individual conversations

Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP)

Founder: Daniel Hughes

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Attachment-focused therapy for children with trauma. Focus is on fostering secure attachment and emotional regulation through the caregiver-child relationship.

Key Techniques

PACE (Playfulness, Acceptance, Curiosity, Empathy) Affective-reflective dialogue

E

Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT)

Founders: Leslie Greenberg, Sue Johnson

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Identifies and changes negative interactional patterns to foster secure bonds. Focus is on creating secure attachment and transforming negative cycles.

Key Techniques

Cycle tracking Enactments Heightening emotion

Emotional Transformation Therapy (ETT)

Founder: Steven Vazquez

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Uses light, color, and eye movements to rapidly transform emotional states. Focus is on accessing and transforming underlying emotional states.

Key Techniques

Visual stimulation Color therapy Eye movements

Encounter-Centered Couples Therapy

Founders: Hedy Schleifer, Yumi Schleifer

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Focuses on creating deep, authentic connections through structured encounters. Focus is on moving beyond surface conflicts to profound connection.

Key Techniques

Crossing the bridge Relational space The encounter

Existential Analysis

Founder: Alfried Längle

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Helps individuals find meaning and authenticity by addressing existential themes. Focus is on living with inner consent and making authentic decisions.

Key Techniques

Phenomenological analysis Value clarification Dialogue

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Founder: Francine Shapiro

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Uses bilateral stimulation to facilitate the processing of traumatic memories. Focus is on reprocessing trauma to reduce distress and develop adaptive beliefs.

Key Techniques

Bilateral stimulation Desensitization Resourcing

F

Family Systems Therapy

Key Figures: Bowen, Satir, Minuchin

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Views individual problems as manifestations of family dynamics. Focus is on improving communication and altering patterns of interaction within the system.

Key Techniques

Genograms Reframing Structural interventions

Focusing-Oriented Art Therapy

Founder: Laury Rappaport

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Integrates Gendlin's Focusing with art therapy to access the body's implicit knowing. Focus is on using art to explore the bodily felt sense.

Key Techniques

Felt sense exploration Symbolic representation Dialogue with art

Formative Psychology

Founder: Stanley Keleman

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Somatic approach focusing on how emotional experiences shape bodily structure. Focus is on influencing the body's formative process to create new possibilities.

Key Techniques

Voluntary effort Somatic exercises Anatomical education

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP)

Founders: Robert Kohlenberg, Mavis Tsai

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Behavioral therapy focusing on the therapeutic relationship as a context for change. Focus is on evoking and reinforcing adaptive behaviors in-session.

Key Techniques

Clinically relevant behaviors Reinforcement Functional analysis

G

Gottman Method

Founders: John Gottman, Julie Schwartz Gottman

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Research-based couples therapy focusing on friendship, conflict management, and shared meaning. Focus is on building a sound relationship house.

Key Techniques

Love Maps Softened Startup Emotion coaching

H

Holographic Memory Resolution (HMR)

Founder: Brent Baum

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Body-centered trauma resolution viewing memories as holographic and stored in the body-mind. Focus is on accessing and transforming trauma without extensive verbal processing.

Key Techniques

Somatic awareness Color coding Sensory capsules

Humanistic Therapy

Key Figures: Rogers, Maslow, May

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Emphasizes self-actualization, personal growth, and human potential. Focus is on helping clients develop self-awareness and authenticity.

Key Techniques

Active listening Unconditional positive regard Here-and-now

I

Identity-Oriented Psychotrauma Therapy (IoPT)

Founder: Franz Ruppert

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Theorizes that trauma leads to splits in the psyche. Focus is on healing these splits and resolving the impact of early trauma on identity.

Key Techniques

Intention method Trauma constellations Integration

Imago Relationship Therapy

Founder: Harville Hendrix

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Focuses on healing childhood wounds that affect adult relationships. Focus is on understanding the unconscious "imago" guiding partner choice.

Key Techniques

Imago dialogue Parent-child exploration Restructuring frustrations

Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT)

Founders: Jacobson & Christensen

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Combines behavioral strategies with acceptance strategies. Focus is on promoting change and acceptance to enhance relationship satisfaction.

Key Techniques

Empathic joining Unified detachment Tolerance building

Internal Attachment Therapy

Founders: Lender & Hughey

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Combines attachment theory with IFS to address attachment issues. Focus is on healing attachment wounds by creating secure internal attachments.

Key Techniques

Reparenting Internal dialogue Integration

Internal Family Systems (IFS)

Founder: Richard Schwartz

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Views the mind as multiple "parts" led by a core Self. Focus is on achieving inner harmony and healing wounded parts.

Key Techniques

Unblending Witnessing Self-Leadership

Interpersonal Reconstructive Therapy (IRT)

Founder: Lorna Smith Benjamin

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Focuses on changing maladaptive patterns rooted in early attachment relationships. Focus is on identifying and modifying internalized representations.

Key Techniques

Copy process analysis Gift of love Pattern recognition

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

Founders: Klerman & Weissman

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Time-limited therapy focusing on improving interpersonal functioning to alleviate depression. Focus is on current interpersonal relationships and social context.

Key Techniques

Role transition analysis Communication analysis Grief work

Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP)

Founder: Habib Davanloo

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Aims to rapidly access and resolve unconscious conflicts through intensive emotional experiences. Focus is on breaking through defenses to access core emotions.

Key Techniques

Pressure to feel Challenge to defenses Unlocking unconscious

L

Lifespan Integration

Founder: Peggy Pace

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Uses a psychological timeline to facilitate neural integration and heal trauma. Focus is on integrating memories across the lifespan for a coherent self.

Key Techniques

Timeline repetitions Imaginal nurturing Body-mind integration

M

Metacognitive Therapy (MCT)

Founder: Adrian Wells

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Focuses on modifying maladaptive beliefs about thinking (metacognition). Focus is on changing how clients relate to their thoughts to reduce worry.

Key Techniques

Detached mindfulness Attention training Challenging beliefs

Method of Levels (MOL)

Founder: Timothy A. Carey

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Transdiagnostic therapy based on Perceptual Control Theory. Focus is on helping clients shift awareness to higher levels of perception to resolve conflict.

Key Techniques

Open-ended questioning Focus on disruption Metaperception

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

Founders: Segal, Williams, Teasdale

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Combines CBT with mindfulness to prevent depression relapse. Focus is on developing a non-reactive relationship with thoughts and feelings.

Key Techniques

Mindfulness practices Body scans Decentering

Mindfulness-Based Relationship Enhancement

Founders: Carson, Gil, Baucom

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Applies mindfulness principles to enhance relationship functioning. Focus is on cultivating mindfulness to improve satisfaction and intimacy.

Key Techniques

Loving-kindness Mindful touch Acceptance practices

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

Founders: Miller & Rollnick

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Client-centered approach to resolving ambivalence about change. Focus is on strengthening intrinsic motivation and commitment to change.

Key Techniques

Open-ended questions Reflective listening Change talk

N

Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET)

Founders: Schauer, Neuner, Elbert

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Short-term treatment for trauma survivors emphasizing life story. Focus is on contextualizing trauma within a coherent narrative.

Key Techniques

Lifeline construction Testimony Chronological narration

Neuro-Affective Relational Model (NARM)

Founder: Laurence Heller

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Addresses attachment, relational, and developmental trauma. Focus is on working with the link between psychology and the body to resolve survival styles.

Key Techniques

Somatic mindfulness Agency inquiry Identity exploration

O

Observed & Experiential Integration (OEI)

Founders: Cook & Bradshaw

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Trauma therapy using eye movements to process memories. Focus is on integrating dissociated aspects of trauma through sensory-motor interventions.

Key Techniques

Visual switching Glitch removal Titrated exposure

P

Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Founder: Barbara Milrod

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Manualized psychodynamic treatment for panic disorder. Focus is on resolving unconscious conflicts underlying panic symptoms.

Key Techniques

Transference analysis Exploring unconscious meanings

Positive Psychotherapy

Founder: Nossrat Peseschkian

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Culturally sensitive approach focusing on human potential. Focus is on balancing life domains and cultivating positive capacities.

Key Techniques

Balance model Positive interpretation Transcultural storytelling

Problem-Solving Therapy (PST)

Founders: D'Zurilla & Nezu

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Teaches a systematic approach to identifying and solving life problems. Focus is on developing effective problem-solving skills to reduce distress.

Key Techniques

Problem definition Brainstorming solutions Decision making

Process-Oriented Psychology

Founder: Arnold Mindell

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Follows the flow of experience through body symptoms and dreams. Focus is on amplifying subtle processes to bring them into awareness.

Key Techniques

Amplification Secondary process Bodywork

Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE)

Founder: Edna B. Foa

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Evidence-based treatment for PTSD involving exposure to trauma memories. Focus is on confronting and habituating to trauma-related stimuli.

Key Techniques

In vivo exposure Imaginal exposure Processing

Psychobiological Approach to Couple Therapy (PACT)

Founder: Stan Tatkin

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Integrates attachment theory, neuroscience, and arousal regulation. Focus is on helping couples understand biological reactions to create security.

Key Techniques

Staging interactions Arousal tracking Secure bubble

Psychodynamic Therapy

Figures: Freud, Jung, Klein

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Broad term for therapies focusing on unconscious processes and early experience. Focus is on insight into conflicts contributing to distress.

Key Techniques

Free association Transference Dream analysis

R

Radically Open DBT (RO-DBT)

Founder: Thomas R. Lynch

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Treats disorders of overcontrol like anorexia and OCD. Focus is on enhancing social connectedness and flexibility.

Key Techniques

Social signaling Flexible mind Open receptivity

Rapid Resolution Therapy (RRT)

Founder: Jon Connelly

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Uses hypnosis and guided imagery to resolve trauma without reliving it. Focus is on eliminating negative effects of trauma rapidly.

Key Techniques

Hypnotic induction Metaphor Reimprinting

Relational Cultural Therapy (RCT)

Founders: Miller, Jordan, Surrey

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Feminist approach emphasizing relationships as the key to growth. Focus is on developing connected and empowering relationships.

Key Techniques

Mutual empathy Power analysis Relational awareness

Resolving Yesterday

Founder: Richard Reeves

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Integrates EMDR, Gestalt, and cognitive techniques for trauma. Focus is on resolving traumatic memories addressing multiple aspects.

Key Techniques

Bilateral stimulation Empty chair Cognitive restructuring

Reteaming

Founders: Furman & Ahola

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Solution-focused approach for individuals and groups. Focus is on mobilizing resources to achieve goals through teamwork.

Key Techniques

Goal setting Celebrating success Identifying supporters

S

Schema Therapy

Founder: Jeffrey Young

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Integrates CBT and experiential techniques to treat personality disorders. Focus is on modifying early maladaptive schemas.

Key Techniques

Limited reparenting Mode work Imagery rescripting

Self-System Therapy (SST)

Founders: Strauman & Eddington

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Focuses on self-regulation and goal pursuit for depression. Focus is on modifying maladaptive self-regulatory patterns.

Key Techniques

Self-discrepancy assessment Regulatory focus Goal analysis

Sensorimotor Art Therapy

Founder: Cornelia Elbrecht

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Combines sensorimotor psychotherapy with art making. Focus is on integrating sensory and motor experiences via art.

Key Techniques

Body-focused art Bilateral drawing Somatic resourcing

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

Founders: de Shazer & Berg

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Goal-directed collaborative approach focusing on solutions. Focus is on envisioning future outcomes and identifying strengths.

Key Techniques

Miracle question Scaling questions Exception finding

Souldrama

Founder: Connie Miller

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Integrates psychodrama with spirituality and chakra systems. Focus is on connecting with higher purpose and transformation.

Key Techniques

Enactment Chakra work Spiritual exploration

Systemic Constellations

Founder: Bert Hellinger

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Reveals hidden dynamics in family systems. Focus is on resolving unconscious loyalties and entanglements.

Key Techniques

Representatives Spatial arrangement Healing sentences

T

Time Perspective Therapy

Founders: Zimbardo & Sword

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Modifies time perspective to improve mental health. Focus is on developing a balanced time perspective.

Key Techniques

Time inventory Balancing perspectives Future orientation

Trauma-Informed Stabilization (TIST)

Founder: Janina Fisher

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Focuses on stabilization and integration for complex trauma. Focus is on developing resources before processing memories.

Key Techniques

Parts work Sensorimotor interventions Mindfulness

U

Unified Protocol (UP)

Founder: David Barlow

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Transdiagnostic CBT for emotional disorders. Focus is on addressing underlying processes across disorders.

Key Techniques

Emotion exposure Mindful awareness Cognitive flexibility

V

Video-feedback Intervention (VIPP)

Founders: Juffer et al.

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Attachment-based intervention using video feedback for parents. Focus is on improving parental sensitivity and attachment.

Key Techniques

Video review Sensitivity training Positive reinforcement

W

Waking Dream Therapy

Key Figure: Gerald Epstein

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Uses guided imagery in a waking state to access unconscious material. Focus is on accessing wisdom for insight and healing.

Key Techniques

Guided imagery Symbolic work Active imagination

Wilderness Therapy

Key Figures: Hahn & Olsen

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Uses outdoor experiences to promote personal growth. Focus is on using nature's challenges for development.

Key Techniques

Survival skills Group process Solo experiences

Writing Therapy

Key Figures: Pennebaker, Progoff

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Uses written expression for exploration and healing. Focus is on processing emotions and gaining insights through writing.

Key Techniques

Expressive writing Journaling Letter writing

Y

Yoga Therapy

Key Figures: Kuvalyananda, Desikachar

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Applies yoga techniques to promote holistic healing. Focus is on integrating body, mind, and spirit.

Key Techniques

Asana Pranayama Meditation

Z

Zero Balancing

Founder: Fritz Smith

Orienting Ideas & Novel Theory

Body-mind therapy using skilled touch to balance energy and structure. Focus is on physical and emotional balance.

Key Techniques

Fulcrums Bone energy Integration

📚 Glossary of Terms

AbreactionThe release of emotional tension through recalling a repressed traumatic experience.

AbstinenceIn psychoanalysis, the analyst's restraint from gratifying the patient's desires.

Active ImaginationA Jungian method of assimilating unconscious contents through self-expression (art, dialogue).

Adlerian TherapyAn approach to psychotherapy that emphasizes the individual's strive for superiority and sense of belonging.

Affect RegulationThe ability to modulate one's emotional state.

AlexithymiaDifficulty in identifying and describing one's own emotions.

Altered State of ConsciousnessAny condition significantly different from a normal waking state.

AmbivalenceSimultaneous contradictory feelings toward a person or thing.

AmplificationIn Jungian psychology, expanding and enriching dream images.

Anal StageIn Freudian theory, the second stage of psychosexual development.

AnhedoniaInability to feel pleasure in normally pleasurable activities.

AnomieA state or condition characterized by a breakdown of social priorities and values.

Anthroposophical MedicineA holistic and salutogenic approach to medicine developed by Rudolf Steiner.

Anticipatory AnxietyAnxiety experienced in anticipation of a difficult situation.

ApperceptionThe process of understanding something perceived in terms of previous experience.

ArchetypeUniversal, innate models of people, behaviors, or personalities (Jungian).

Art TherapyA form of psychotherapy that uses art media as its primary mode of expression.

Assertiveness TrainingA form of behavior therapy designed to help people stand up for themselves.

Attachment TheoryA theory concerning relationships between humans, focusing on the bond between infant and caregiver.

Autogenic TrainingA relaxation technique developed by Johannes Schultz.

AutonomyIndependence or freedom, as of the will or one's actions.

Automatic ThoughtsSpontaneous, often negative thoughts occurring rapidly in response to situations.

Aversion TherapyBehavior therapy designed to make a patient give up an undesirable habit by associating it with an unpleasant effect.

BehaviorismPsychological approach emphasizing observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.

Behavioural ActivationCBT component aimed at increasing engagement in adaptive activities through scheduling and reinforcement.

BibliotherapyThe use of books as therapy in the treatment of mental or psychological disorders.

BioenergeticsA form of body psychotherapy combining physical exercises with psychotherapy.

BiofeedbackTraining people to control bodily processes to improve health.

Bipolar DisorderA mental health condition characterized by alternating periods of elevated mood and depression.

Body Dysmorphic DisorderObsessive preoccupation with a perceived defect in one's physical appearance.

Borderline Personality DisorderMental health disorder characterized by unstable moods, behavior, and relationships.

CatharsisThe process of releasing strong or repressed emotions.

Chair WorkTechnique where clients use different chairs to represent different perspectives or parts of themselves.

CircumambulationIn Jungian psychology, the act of "walking around" the Self, approaching it from different sides.

Classical ConditioningLearning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)Psychotherapy helping patients understand thoughts and feelings influencing behaviors.

Cognitive DissonanceMental discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or values.

Cognitive DistortionInaccurate thought patterns reinforcing negative emotions.

Cognitive RestructuringIdentifying and challenging negative or irrational thoughts.

Collective ConsciousnessShared beliefs and moral attitudes operating as a unifying force within society.

Collective UnconsciousPart of the unconscious mind shared by all humanity (Jung).

CompensationIn Jungian psychology, the process by which the unconscious offsets deficiencies in the personality.

ComplexCore pattern of emotions, memories, and wishes in the personal unconscious.

CompulsionAn irresistible urge to behave in a certain way, especially against one's conscious wishes.

CondensationIn dream interpretation, combining multiple dream thoughts into a single image.

ConditioningLearning to associate a stimulus with a response.

ConformityMatching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.

ConfrontationTherapeutic technique pointing out discrepancies in the client's behavior or thinking.

CongruenceState of being genuine and authentic in the therapeutic relationship (Rogers).

ConsciousPart of the mind aware of immediate thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.

Conversion DisorderNeurological symptoms that can't be explained by medical evaluation.

Coping MechanismConscious or non-conscious adjustment that decreases tension and anxiety.

Core BeliefsFundamental, inflexible, absolute beliefs about self, others, and the world.

CounterconditioningChanging a response to a stimulus from one to another.

CountertransferenceThe therapist's emotional reaction to the patient.

Crisis InterventionEmergency psychological care assisting individuals in crisis situations.

Cross-Cultural PsychologyStudy of human behavior and mental processes under diverse cultural conditions.

DecatastrophizingCognitive restructuring technique aiming to reduce catastrophic thinking.

DecompensationDeterioration of existing defenses, leading to exacerbation of pathological behavior.

Defense MechanismUnconscious strategies used to cope with reality and maintain self-image.

DepersonalizationState in which one's thoughts and feelings seem unreal or not to belong to oneself.

DesensitizationDiminished emotional responsiveness to a negative stimulus after repeated exposure.

Developmental PsychologyScientific study of psychological changes that occur over the lifespan.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)CBT emphasizing psychosocial aspects of treatment.

Differential ReinforcementReinforcing only responses that meet a specific criterion.

Directive TherapyTherapy where the therapist directs the course of treatment.

DisplacementDefense mechanism shifting a drive or feeling to a substitute object.

DissociationFeeling disconnected from thoughts, feelings, memories, or identity.

Dissociative Identity DisorderDisorder characterized by at least two distinct personality states.

Dream AnalysisPsychological interpretation of dreams.

DyadA group of two people involved in social interaction.

Dysfunctional Thought RecordCBT tool to identify and challenge negative automatic thoughts.

Eclectic TherapyApproach drawing on multiple theoretical orientations and techniques.

EgoThe part of personality mediating between the id, superego, and reality.

Ego BoundaryTheoretical line differentiating the self from the external world.

Ego DystonicThoughts or impulses felt to be repugnant or inconsistent with self-concept.

Ego IdealPart of personality serving as a standard for the ego; idealized self-image.

Ego IntegrityAbility to look back on one's life with satisfaction (Erikson).

Ego PsychologyPsychoanalysis emphasizing the ego's role in managing conflict.

Ego SyntonicThoughts or behaviors acceptable to the ego and consistent with self-image.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)Procedure passing electric currents through the brain to treat mental conditions.

EmpathyAbility to understand and share the feelings of another.

EnantiodromiaPrinciple that anything pushed to an extreme converts into its opposite (Jung).

EnmeshmentFamily members being overly involved and dependent on each other.

EnuresisInvoluntary urination, especially by children at night.

Eriksonian TherapyPsychotherapy based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development.

Erotic TransferenceClient's experience of feelings of love for the analyst.

Existential AnxietyAnxiety related to the human condition and existence.

Existential TherapyPsychotherapy emphasizing free will, self-determination, and meaning.

Exposure TherapyGradually exposing a person to an anxiety-producing object or situation.

ExternalizationTechnique separating the problem from the person (Narrative Therapy).

ExtinctionWeakening of a conditioned response.

False SelfFacade developed to cope with difficult relational experiences in childhood.

Family ConstellationTherapeutic method revealing hidden dynamics in a family.

Family SculptingPhysically positioning family members to represent emotional relationships.

Family Systems TherapyTreats the family as a whole rather than focusing on individuals.

FixationPersistent focus on an earlier stage of psychosexual development.

FloodingExposure therapy with intense, rapid exposure to anxiety stimuli.

FlowMental state of complete absorption in the current experience.

FocusingPsychotherapeutic process involving attending to the body's subtle signals.

Formal Operational StageStage at which abstract thought emerges (Piaget).

Free AssociationPsychoanalytic technique of saying whatever comes to mind without censorship.

Fundamental Attribution ErrorTendency to overemphasize personality-based explanations for others' behaviors.

Galvanic Skin ResponseChange in electrical properties of skin associated with sweat gland activity.

Generalized Anxiety DisorderDisorder characterized by persistent, excessive worry.

GenogramPictorial display of family relationships and medical history.

GestaltAn organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts.

Gestalt TherapyTherapy emphasizing personal responsibility and present moment experience.

Grounding TechniquesStrategies to help focus on the present moment and physical environment.

Group DynamicsInteractions, attitudes, and behaviors occurring within a social group.

Group TherapyTherapy involving one or more therapists working with several people at once.

Guided ImageryMind-body intervention imagining a relaxing scene or experience.

HabituationDiminishing of response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

Hakomi MethodBody-centered psychotherapy using mindfulness and the body.

HallucinationSensory experience of something that does not exist outside the mind.

Halo EffectTendency for an impression in one area to influence opinion in another.

Harm ReductionStrategies aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with drug use.

Hierarchical NeedsMaslow's theory of motivation based on five categories of needs.

Holding EnvironmentSupportive environment provided by the caregiver to the child (Winnicott).

HomeostasisTendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements.

HomeworkTasks assigned to clients to complete between therapy sessions.

HormesisTheory that exposure to low doses of a dangerous agent can be beneficial.

HumanismPerspective emphasizing the whole person and uniqueness of each individual.

Humanistic TherapyApproach emphasizing self-actualization and creativity.

HypervigilanceEnhanced sensory sensitivity and exaggerated intensity of behaviors to detect threats.

HypnosisAltered state of consciousness characterized by heightened suggestibility.

HypnotherapyUse of hypnosis as a therapeutic technique.

IdThe part of personality containing unconscious psychic energy and instincts.

Id PsychologyPsychoanalytic theory emphasizing the role of the id.

IdentificationAdopting behaviors or characteristics of another person.

IdiographicRelating to the study of individuals, as opposed to groups.

Implosion TherapyBehavior therapy exposing person to anxiety stimuli while preventing avoidance.

IncongruenceDisparity between actual experience and self-picture (Rogers).

Individual PsychologyAdler's theory focusing on compensation for feelings of inferiority.

IndividuationProcess of integrating conscious and unconscious to become a whole individual.

InductionInitial stage of hypnosis.

Inferiority ComplexLack of self-esteem and feelings of not measuring up.

Inner ChildConcept referring to the childlike aspect of a person's psyche.

Insecure AttachmentAttachment style characterized by anxiety or avoidance.

InsightCapacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding.

InstinctInnate, fixed pattern of behavior in response to stimuli.

Integrationincorporating unconscious contents into consciousness (Jung).

InterpretationTherapist's explanation of client's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

IntrapsychicOccurring within the mind or psyche.

IntrojectionUnconscious adoption of the ideas or attitudes of others.

IntrospectionExamination of one's own mental and emotional processes.

IsolationStripping a thought or memory of its emotional content.

Jungian AnalysisAnalytical psychology emphasizing the individual psyche and quest for wholeness.

KinesthesisSensation of movement or strain in muscles, tendons, and joints.

KleptomaniaRecurrent urge to steal.

Latency PeriodStage of psychosexual development between phallic and genital stages.

Learned HelplessnessSense of powerlessness arising from persistent failure to succeed.

LibidoPsychic and emotional energy associated with instinctual drives.

Locus of ControlDegree to which people believe they have control over outcomes.

LogotherapyExistential analysis focusing on a will to meaning.

ManiaState of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy.

MasochismTendency to derive pleasure from one's own pain or humiliation.

MaturationProcess of becoming mature.

MelancholiaProfound presentation of depression in psychoanalytic theory.

MentalizationAbility to understand mental states underlying overt behavior.

MetacognitionAwareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

MindfulnessMental state achieved by focusing awareness on the present moment.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)Therapy using meditation to treat depression.

MirroringTherapeutic technique reflecting the client's body language or emotions.

ModelingLearning by observing and mimicking others.

Moral DevelopmentProcess of developing proper attitudes and behaviors toward others.

Motivational InterviewingCounseling approach to help find motivation for change.

Munchausen SyndromeFactitious disorder feigning disease or trauma to draw attention.

NarcissismExcessive interest in or admiration of oneself.

Narcissistic Personality DisorderPattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Narrative TherapyTherapy separating person from problem and re-authoring life stories.

Negative ReinforcementStrengthening behavior by removing a negative condition.

Neurodevelopmental DisordersDisorders where central nervous system development is disturbed.

NeuroplasticityThe brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.

NeurosisFunctional mental disorders involving chronic distress without delusions.

NeurotransmitterChemical messenger transmitting signals across a synapse.

Nondirective TherapyTherapy where therapist refrains from giving advice or direction.

Object ConstancyAbility to maintain emotional bond even when under stress.

Object Relations TheoryTheory suggesting adult relationships are shaped by early family experiences.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Disorder with unwanted repeated thoughts and behaviors.

Oedipus ComplexChild's unconscious desire for opposite-sex parent (Freud).

OntogenesisDevelopmental history of an individual organism.

Operant ConditioningLearning process where behavior is modified by consequences.

OperationalizationDefining variables into measurable factors.

Oral StageFirst stage of psychosexual development (Freud).

Organic Mental DisorderDecline in cognitive functions due to medical condition.

Panic AttackSudden episode of intense fear triggering physical reactions.

Paradoxical IntentionEncouraging the client to engage in the feared behavior (Logotherapy).

Paranoid Personality DisorderLong-term pattern of distrust and suspicion.

ParaphrasingRestating client's words to show understanding.

Passive-Aggressive BehaviorIndirectly expressing negative feelings instead of openly.

PedophiliaSexual attraction to prepubescent children.

PerseverationRepetition of a response despite absence of stimulus.

PersonaThe social face an individual presents to the world (Jung).

Personality InventoryQuestionnaire designed to assess personality traits.

Phallic StageThird stage of psychosexual development (Freud).

PhenomenologyStudy of consciousness from the first-person point of view.

PhobiaIrrational and excessive fear of an object or situation.

Placebo EffectBeneficial effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment.

Play TherapyTherapy using play as communication, primarily with children.

Positive PsychologyStudy of strengths enabling individuals to thrive.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Condition triggered by experiencing a terrifying event.

PracticumSupervised clinical experience for students.

PreconsciousThoughts not conscious but can be easily recalled.

Primary Process ThinkingMental activity characteristic of the unconscious.

ProjectionAttributing one's own unacceptable urges to another person.

Projective TestPersonality test revealing hidden emotions through ambiguous stimuli.

PsychoanalysisTherapies treating mental disorders by investigating the unconscious.

PsychodramaTherapy using dramatization and role playing.

Psychodynamic TherapyDepth psychology focusing on unconscious forces.

PsychoeducationProviding education and information about mental health.

PsychogenicHaving a psychological origin or cause.

Psychomotor AgitationSigns and symptoms stemming from mental tension.

PsychoneuroimmunologyStudy of interaction between psychological processes and nervous/immune systems.

PsychopathologyScientific study of mental disorders.

PsychorosisSevere mental disorder with loss of contact with reality.

Psychosexual StagesStages of development focusing on id's pleasure-seeking energies (Freud).

Psychosocial DevelopmentErikson's theory of eight stages of human development.

PsychosomaticPhysical condition caused or aggravated by mental factors.

PsychosynthesisPsychology emphasizing spiritual and transpersonal aspects.

PurgingRidding the body of food, feature of eating disorders.

RapportA close and harmonious relationship between therapist and client.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)Cognitive therapy focusing on resolving emotional and behavioral problems.

Reaction FormationBehaving in the opposite way to what one thinks or feels.

Reality TestingDistinguishing between internal experiences and external world.

ReattributionChallenging thoughts about the cause of negative events.

RebirthingBreathwork intended to release suppressed traumatic memories.

Reciprocal InhibitionConditioning a relaxation response to occur with anxiety stimuli.

ReconsolidationProcess where memories are recalled and become vulnerable to change.

ReframingChanging the conceptual or emotional setting of a situation.

RegressionReverting to an earlier stage of development.

Regression to the MeanPhenomenon where extreme measurements tend to move closer to average.

ReinforcementEncouraging or establishing a pattern of behavior.

Reinforcement ScheduleProtocol determining frequency of reinforcement.

Relapse PreventionIdentifying and preventing high-risk situations for relapse.

Relational PsychoanalysisEmphasizes role of relationships in mental disorder.

Relaxation ResponsePhysical state of deep rest changing responses to stress.

Repetition CompulsionTendency to repeat traumatic experiences.

RepressionUnconscious blocking of unpleasant emotions or memories.

ResilienceAbility to mentally or emotionally cope with a crisis.

ResistanceClient's opposition to confronting difficult feelings or changes.

RestraintMeasure keeping someone under control or within limits.

Retroactive InhibitionInterfering effect of new learning on recall of old material.

Rorschach TestProjective test recording perceptions of inkblots.

SadismDeriving pleasure from inflicting pain or humiliation.

SalutogenesisFocusing on factors supporting health rather than causing disease.

Sand Tray TherapyTherapy using sandbox and miniatures to create scenes.

ScapegoatingSingling out a person for unmerited blame.

SchemaCognitive framework helping organize and interpret information.

SchizoidPersonality type characterized by emotional coldness and detachment.

Secondary GainAdvantage derived from having an illness.

Self-ActualizationRealization or fulfillment of one's talents and potentialities.

Self-EfficacyBelief in one's capacity to execute behaviors.

Self-Fulfilling ProphecyPrediction that causes itself to become true.

Self-HarmIntentional injuring of body tissue without suicidal intent.

SensitizationIncrease in strength of response to repeated stimulus.

Sensorimotor PsychotherapyBody-centered approach treating somatic symptoms of trauma.

Separation AnxietyExcessive fear about separation from home or attachment figure.

SequelaeCondition which is the consequence of a previous disease.

ShadowUnconscious aspect of personality not identified by the conscious ego.

SociometryQuantitative method for measuring social relationships (Moreno).

Socratic QuestioningDisciplined questioning to probe beliefs (CBT).

Solution-Focused Brief TherapyGoal-directed approach focusing on solutions.

Somatic ExperiencingTrauma therapy focusing on perceived body sensations.

StimulusObject or event eliciting a response.

Structural Family TherapyFocuses on adjusting family system structure.

SublimationTransforming socially unacceptable impulses into acceptable actions.

SupervisionExperienced therapist guiding a less experienced therapist.

SuperegoPart of personality representing internalized ideals and moral standards.

SuppressionConscious process of pushing unwanted thoughts into unconscious.

Systematic DesensitizationBehavior therapy treating phobias through gradual exposure.

Therapeutic AllianceThe working relationship between therapist and client.

Therapeutic MetaphorUsing stories to help clients understand situations.

Token EconomyBehavior modification using tokens as reinforcers.

Transactional AnalysisExamining a person's relationships and interactions.

TransferenceRedirection of feelings from childhood toward a new object (therapist).

TraumaDeeply distressing experience overwhelming coping mechanisms.

TriangulationUsing a third person to relay communication between two people.

Unconditional Positive RegardBasic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what they say or do.

UnconsciousPart of mind inaccessible to conscious mind but affecting behavior.

ValidationRecognition and acceptance of another person's thoughts and feelings.

Working ThroughProcess of thoroughly exploring and dealing with issues in therapy.

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