What Happens in an EMDR Session?

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a psychotherapy approach that helps individuals process past traumatic events. EMDR involves a series of stages that help individuals move past negative memories and experiences. Here’s what happens in an EMDR session and the stages of EMDR:

History and Treatment Planning:

The therapist will take a thorough history of the individual and develop a treatment plan based on their unique needs.

Preparation:

The therapist will teach the individual various coping skills to manage any overwhelming emotions that may arise during the EMDR session.

Assessment:

The therapist will identify the target memory that the individual wants to work on and identify the negative beliefs associated with the memory.

Desensitization:

The therapist will guide the individual through a series of eye movements, sounds or taps that help desensitize them to the memory.

Installation:

The therapist will help the individual replace negative beliefs associated with the memory with positive ones.

Body Scan:

The therapist will guide the individual to scan their body for any residual tension or discomfort related to the memory.

Closure:

The therapist will ensure the individual feels stable and grounded before ending the session.

Reevaluation:

In subsequent sessions, the therapist will assess the individual’s progress and determine if additional targets need to be addressed.

The History of EMDR:

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a therapeutic technique that has gained widespread popularity in recent years for its effectiveness in treating trauma and other psychological issues. However, the history of EMDR dates back to the late 1980s, when it was first developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro.

Dr. Shapiro, who had experienced her own traumatic event, discovered that certain eye movements could help reduce the intensity of distressing memories and emotions. She began to experiment with these eye movements in her therapy sessions, and found that they were effective in treating a range of psychological issues, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression.

In 1987, Dr. Shapiro published the first study on EMDR, which showed promising results in the treatment of PTSD. The technique gained widespread attention and was eventually recognized by the American Psychiatric Association and the Department of Defense as an effective treatment for PTSD.

Over the years, EMDR has continued to evolve and gain popularity. The technique is now used to treat a range of psychological and emotional issues, including anxiety, depression, phobias, and addictions.

One of the key benefits of EMDR is its ability to help clients process and heal from traumatic experiences without having to re-experience the trauma. Instead, clients are able to focus on specific memories or emotions while engaging in bilateral eye movements, which are thought to help process and integrate these experiences.

Today, EMDR is considered a mainstream therapeutic technique in psychology, and is used by thousands of therapists around the world. The technique has been praised for its effectiveness and efficiency in helping clients achieve emotional healing and resilience.

In conclusion, the history of EMDR dates back to the late 1980s, when it was first developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro. Since then, the technique has evolved and gained widespread popularity, and is now considered a mainstream therapeutic approach for treating a range of psychological and emotional issues. If you are struggling with trauma or other emotional issues, EMDR may be a helpful therapeutic option for you.

The Legacy of EMDR:

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a psychotherapy technique that was developed in the late 1980s by Dr. Francine Shapiro. The method involves bilateral eye movements, which are thought to help process traumatic memories and reduce the distress associated with them. EMDR quickly gained popularity among therapists and clients, and has since been used to treat a range of psychological and emotional issues.

In the late 1990s, Dr. David Grand, a licensed professional therapist who had been trained in EMDR, began to notice that his clients would often have a specific eye position where they would experience more intense emotional responses during EMDR sessions. This led him to develop Brainspotting, a technique that involves identifying and focusing on these “brainspots” in order to release and process emotional blockages. Brainspotting quickly gained popularity among therapists and clients, and has since been used to treat a range of psychological and emotional issues.

In the early 2000s, Dr. Steven Vazquez, another therapist who had been trained in EMDR, began to develop a new technique called ETT (Emotional Transformation Therapy). ETT involves using light to stimulate specific points on the body, which are thought to correspond to emotional blockages. The technique quickly gained popularity, and has since been used to treat a range of psychological and emotional issues.

Despite their differences, EMDR, Brainspotting, and ETT all share a common goal: to help clients process and heal from traumatic experiences and other emotional issues. These techniques have been well-received by therapists and clients alike, and have been praised for their effectiveness and efficiency in helping clients achieve emotional healing and resilience.

In conclusion, EMDR, Brainspotting, and ETT are three therapeutic techniques that have evolved over time to address the complex and varied needs of clients struggling with trauma and other emotional issues. While they differ in their approaches, these techniques share a common goal of helping clients process and heal from emotional blockages and achieve a greater sense of resilience and well-being.

The Evoloution of EMDR:

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a psychotherapy approach that was developed by psychologist Dr. Francine Shapiro in the late 1980s. Since its inception, EMDR has gone through significant evolution and growth, both in terms of its theoretical framework and its application in clinical practice.

Early Development: Discovery and Basic Protocol EMDR was initially discovered by Dr. Shapiro as she noticed that certain eye movements seemed to reduce the intensity of disturbing thoughts and emotions. This observation led her to develop a structured protocol that involved using bilateral stimulation, such as eye movements, hand taps, or auditory tones, while focusing on distressing memories or thoughts. This became the foundational element of EMDR, known as the “standard protocol.”

In the early stages, EMDR was primarily used as a treatment for trauma-related disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and was seen as a unique and controversial approach to psychotherapy. However, its effectiveness in reducing distress associated with traumatic memories gained recognition, and research began to emerge supporting its efficacy.

Theoretical Evolution: Adaptive Information Processing As EMDR gained popularity, Dr. Shapiro further developed her theory to explain the underlying mechanisms of how EMDR works. She proposed the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model, which suggests that EMDR helps to facilitate the brain’s natural healing processes by reprocessing traumatic memories and integrating them into a more adaptive and adaptive memory network.

According to the AIP model, traumatic memories are stored in a “dysfunctional” memory network, which is not properly integrated with other memories and emotions. This can result in the persistence of distressing symptoms. Through the use of bilateral stimulation, EMDR helps to activate the brain’s natural processing mechanisms, allowing the traumatic memories to be reprocessed and integrated into a more functional memory network. This theoretical framework expanded the understanding of EMDR beyond just a technique for symptom reduction, to a broader approach that addresses the underlying neural mechanisms of trauma processing.

Expansion of Applications: Beyond Trauma Over time, EMDR has been increasingly recognized as a versatile and effective approach for a wide range of psychological conditions beyond trauma. Research and clinical practice have shown that EMDR can be applied to various issues, including anxiety, depression, phobias, addiction, grief, and performance enhancement, among others.

EMDR has also been adapted for use with different populations, such as children, adolescents, couples, and groups, and has been integrated into various treatment modalities and settings, including individual therapy, family therapy, and organizational settings. Additionally, EMDR has been used in diverse cultural contexts and has been modified to accommodate cultural differences and sensitivities.

Integration of New Techniques and Technologies As EMDR has evolved, new techniques and technologies have been integrated into its practice. For example, variations of the basic protocol, such as the “Recent Event Protocol” and the “Flash Technique,” have been developed to address specific issues and symptoms. The use of technology, such as virtual reality and biofeedback, has also been incorporated into EMDR practice to enhance its effectiveness.

Ongoing research continues to expand our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying EMDR and its applications. Neuroscientific findings, such as the role of memory reconsolidation and the impact of bilateral stimulation on brain activity, have provided insights into the mechanisms through which EMDR may work.

EMDR has come a long way since its discovery in the late 1980s, evolving from a unique and controversial approach to a widely recognized and evidence-based psychotherapy. Its theoretical framework has expanded to encompass the AIP model, which deepens our understanding of how EMDR may facilitate the brain’s natural healing processes.

List of Notable EMDR Inovators

Francine Shapiro

As the founder of EMDR, Francine Shapiro is a pioneering figure in the field of trauma therapy. She developed the approach and conducted extensive research on its effectiveness in treating trauma and other psychological conditions.

Laurel Parnell

Dr. Laurel Parnell is a well-known EMDR practitioner and author who has specialized in the use of EMDR for the treatment of complex trauma, attachment issues, and dissociative disorders. She has written several influential books on EMDR, including “Attachment-Focused EMDR: Healing Relational Trauma” and “EMDR in the Treatment of Adults Abused as Children.”

Sandra Paulsen

Dr. Sandra Paulsen is a clinical psychologist who has contributed significantly to the field of EMDR, particularly in the areas of dissociation and complex trauma. She has written books such as “Looking Through the Eyes of Trauma and Dissociation: An Illustrated Guide for EMDR Therapists and Clients” and “When There Are No Words: Repairing Early Trauma and Neglect from the Attachment Period with EMDR Therapy.”

Robbie Adler Tapia

Dr. Robbie Adler-Tapia is a licensed psychologist and EMDR trainer who has specialized in the use of EMDR for the treatment of complex trauma and dissociative disorders. She has authored books such as “EMDR and Dissociation: The Progressive Approach” and “The EMDR Toolbox: Theory and Treatment of Complex PTSD and Dissociation.”

Roger Solomon

Dr. Roger Solomon is a clinical psychologist and EMDR practitioner who has made significant contributions to the field of trauma therapy. He has written books such as “Healing Trauma: The Power of Group Treatment for People with Intellectual Disabilities” and “Solution-Focused Brief Therapy with Clients Managing Trauma.”

Andrew Leeds

Dr. Andrew Leeds is a clinical psychologist and EMDR practitioner who has been widely recognized for his work in using EMDR for the treatment of complex trauma, dissociation, and attachment issues. He has written books such as “Affect Regulation and the Repair of the Self” and “Integration: The Power of Being Co-Active in Work and Life.”

Anabel Gonzalez

Anabel Gonzalez is a licensed marriage and family therapist and EMDR trainer who has specialized in the use of EMDR for the treatment of complex trauma and attachment issues. She has authored books such as “EMDR Therapy and Adjunct Approaches with Children: Complex Trauma, Attachment, and Dissociation.”

What are some EMDR Techniques?

Eye Movements:

The therapist will guide the individual to follow a back-and-forth movement of their eyes while focusing on the traumatic memory or negative belief.

Tapping:

The therapist may tap the individual’s hands, arms, or legs to create a bilateral sensory experience that helps process the memory or belief.

Auditory Stimuli:

The therapist may use headphones to play a back-and-forth sound that helps stimulate both sides of the brain.

Counting:

The therapist may guide the individual to count backwards or forwards while focusing on the memory or belief.

Imagery:

The therapist may guide the individual to imagine a safe place or positive experience to help them cope with any negative emotions that arise during therapy.

Body Sensations:

The therapist may guide the individual to notice any physical sensations related to the traumatic memory or negative belief.

Self-Soothing Techniques:

The therapist may teach the individual self-soothing techniques to manage any overwhelming emotions that arise during therapy.

Cognitive Restructuring:

The therapist may help the individual identify and challenge negative beliefs associated with the traumatic memory.

The Neuroscience of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic approach that has gained significant recognition for its effectiveness in treating trauma-related disorders. EMDR integrates elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with specific techniques involving bilateral eye movements, auditory stimulation, or tactile stimulation. While the exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying EMDR are still being investigated, research has provided valuable insights into its effects on the brain and how it facilitates emotional healing. In this section, we explore the neuroscience of EMDR and its impact on the brain’s processing of traumatic memories.

Memory Reconsolidation and Adaptive Information Processing:

One of the core principles of EMDR is the concept of memory reconsolidation. According to this theory, when a traumatic memory is activated, it becomes temporarily malleable and can be modified. The bilateral stimulation used in EMDR is believed to facilitate the adaptive processing of traumatic memories, leading to their reconsolidation in a less distressing and more integrated form. Neurobiological studies have shown that bilateral stimulation, such as eye movements, can influence the brain’s memory systems and promote the integration of traumatic memories with more adaptive information, thereby reducing distress.

Dual Attention and Working Memory:

EMDR involves a dual attention task, where individuals simultaneously focus on the traumatic memory while engaging in bilateral stimulation. This dual attention is thought to tax the individual’s working memory capacity, limiting the resources available for the distressing memory to be fully activated. Neuroimaging studies have shown that dual attention tasks, including eye movements, modulate the activation of brain regions involved in memory retrieval and emotional processing. The engagement of working memory resources during EMDR may contribute to the disruption of maladaptive memory networks and the integration of more adaptive information.

Desensitization and Reconsolidation of Emotional Memories:

EMDR aims to desensitize and reprocess traumatic memories, reducing their emotional intensity and associated distress. Neurobiologically, this process involves the modification of fear-related networks in the brain. Studies have shown that bilateral stimulation used in EMDR can influence the amygdala, a brain region involved in fear and emotional processing. The bilateral stimulation may dampen the amygdala’s response to traumatic memories, facilitating their reconsolidation in a less emotionally charged state. This process aligns with the principles of fear extinction and memory reconsolidation, both of which play a crucial role in trauma resolution.

Neuroplasticity and the Integration of Traumatic Memories:

EMDR’s effectiveness in promoting emotional healing and symptom reduction is often attributed to its impact on neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to reorganize and form new connections. Neuroscientific studies have shown that EMDR can induce changes in neural connectivity and brain activation patterns. The bilateral stimulation used in EMDR may promote the integration of traumatic memories with more adaptive information, facilitating the formation of new neural pathways and the resolution of distressing symptoms. This neuroplasticity-driven process supports the transformative potential of EMDR in rewiring maladaptive neural networks associated with trauma.

It is important to note that while the neurobiological findings related to EMDR are promising, further research is needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The complexity of trauma and individual differences in treatment response add to the challenge of understanding the precise neurobiology of EMDR. Nonetheless, the existing evidence suggests that EMDR’s bilateral stimulation techniques engage brain processes involved in memory reconsolidation, working memory, emotional regulation, and neuroplasticity, contributing to its efficacy as a trauma-focused therapeutic approach.

EMDR and Attachment:

Understanding Attachment Styles: Building Healthy Relationships:

Attachment styles play a crucial role in shaping our relationships and emotional well-being. They are deeply rooted in our early experiences and can significantly impact how we connect with others. In this article, we explore the concept of attachment and its various styles. By understanding attachment patterns, we can gain valuable insights into our own relationship dynamics and learn strategies for building healthy and fulfilling connections.

What is Attachment?

Attachment refers to the emotional bond formed between a child and their primary caregiver. This bond serves as a foundation for future relationships and influences how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to social interactions. Attachment patterns are typically established during early childhood and can continue to impact relationships throughout adulthood.

Different Attachment Styles:

There are four primary attachment styles: secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant. Understanding these styles can provide valuable insights into our behaviors and relationship dynamics:

Secure Attachment:

Individuals with a secure attachment style feel comfortable with intimacy and are generally trusting, supportive, and emotionally available in their relationships.

Anxious-Preoccupied Attachment:

People with an anxious-preoccupied attachment style often seek excessive reassurance and worry about rejection or abandonment. They may experience heightened anxiety and fear in relationships.

Dismissive-Avoidant Attachment:

Individuals with a dismissive-avoidant attachment style tend to avoid emotional closeness and may struggle with vulnerability. They often prioritize independence and self-reliance.

Fearful-Avoidant Attachment:

This attachment style combines characteristics of both anxious-preoccupied and dismissive-avoidant styles. Individuals with a fearful-avoidant attachment may desire closeness but also fear rejection and may struggle with trust.

Impact on Relationships:

Attachment styles significantly impact the quality and dynamics of our relationships. Individuals with a secure attachment style tend to experience more satisfying and fulfilling connections. However, those with insecure attachment styles may encounter challenges such as difficulties with trust, fear of abandonment, or emotional distance. Recognizing your attachment style can help you navigate these challenges and work towards developing healthier relationship patterns.

Developing Secure Attachment:

While attachment styles are deeply ingrained, it is possible to develop a more secure attachment style through self-awareness and intentional efforts. Here are some strategies to foster secure attachments:

Self-Reflection:

Take time to explore your own attachment style, understand its origins, and identify patterns that may be impacting your relationships.

Communication:

Practice open and honest communication with your partner or loved ones. Express your needs, fears, and desires in a respectful and understanding manner.

Emotional Regulation:

Develop healthy coping mechanisms to manage anxiety and stress. Engage in self-care practices, seek therapy if needed, and learn effective emotional regulation techniques.

Seek Support:

If you find it challenging to navigate attachment issues on your own, consider seeking the guidance of a qualified therapist. They can provide valuable insights and support to help you develop healthier relationship patterns.

Understanding attachment styles is essential for building and maintaining healthy relationships. By gaining insights into your own attachment style and the styles of those around you, you can develop a deeper understanding of relationship dynamics and work towards fostering secure attachments. Remember, developing a secure attachment takes time and effort, but with self-reflection, open communication, and support, it is possible to cultivate fulfilling and lasting connections.

Continued Reading: Books about EMDR

1. “Getting Past Your Past: Take Control of Your Life with Self-Help Techniques from EMDR Therapy” by Francine Shapiro

Amazon link: Getting Past Your Past on Amazon

2. “Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures” by Francine Shapiro

Amazon link: EMDR: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures on Amazon

3. “EMDR Toolbox: Theory and Treatment of Complex PTSD and Dissociation” by Jim Knipe

Amazon link: EMDR Toolbox on Amazon

4. “EMDR Therapy and Somatic Psychology: Interventions to Enhance Embodiment in Trauma Treatment” by Arielle Schwartz

Amazon link: EMDR Therapy and Somatic Psychology on Amazon

5. “EMDR: The Breakthrough Eye Movement Therapy for Overcoming Anxiety, Stress, and Trauma” by Derek Farrell

Amazon link: EMDR: The Breakthrough Eye Movement Therapy on Amazon

6. “EMDR in the Treatment of Adults Abused as Children” by Laurel Parnell

Amazon link: EMDR in the Treatment of Adults Abused as Children on Amazon

7. “EMDR Solutions: Pathways to Healing” by Robin Shapiro

Amazon link: EMDR Solutions on Amazon

8. “EMDR and Dissociation: The Progressive Approach” by Anabel Gonzalez and Dolores Mosquera

Amazon link: EMDR and Dissociation on Amazon

9. “EMDR for Clinician Self-Care: Models, Scripted Protocols, and Summary Sheets for Mental Health Clinicians” by Marilyn Luber

Amazon link: EMDR for Clinician Self-Care on Amazon

10. “EMDR and the Art of Psychotherapy with Children: Infants to Adolescents” by Robbie Adler-Tapia and Carolyn Settle

Amazon link: EMDR and the Art of Psychotherapy with Children on Amazon