How do neurostimulation and brain mapping sessions work?

What Kind of Brain Waves Can QEEG Detect?

qEEG brain mapping is a powerful tool used by healthcare professionals to analyze various types of brain waves such as delta, alpha, theta, beta, and high beta waves. These waves, with their unique frequencies, provide valuable insights into a person’s neurological functioning and potential cognitive or mental health issues.

Delta Waves:

Delta waves are the slowest brain waves, with a frequency of 0.5-4 Hz. They are typically associated with deep sleep and can also be present in coma patients. The sensation of delta waves is often described as a profound state of relaxation, where the mind is in a state of rest and rejuvenation.

Theta Waves:

Theta waves have a frequency of 4-8 Hz and are typically observed during light sleep or drowsiness. They may also be present during meditation or creative activities. In qEEG brain mapping, an increase in theta waves may be associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), while a decrease in theta waves may be associated with cognitive decline in older adults. The sensation of theta waves is often described as a dreamy, introspective state.

Alpha Waves:

Alpha waves have a frequency of 8-12 Hz and are usually observed when a person is awake but relaxed or neutral. They are commonly experienced when closing the eyes or practicing meditation. Decreased alpha waves may be linked to anxiety or depression, while increased alpha waves may indicate improved relaxation and stress reduction. The sensation of alpha waves is often described as a state of calm and peacefulness.

Beta Waves:

Beta waves have a frequency of 12-30 Hz and are usually present when a person is awake and engaged in cognitive or physical activities. They are associated with alertness, focus, decision making, and concentration. Abnormalities in beta waves can be linked to conditions such as anxiety, depression, and insomnia. The sensation of beta waves is often described as a state of heightened awareness and mental activity.

High Beta Waves:

High beta waves have a frequency of 30-40 Hz and are often associated with intense cognitive or physical activities, such as problem-solving or exercise. An increase in high beta waves in qEEG brain mapping may be associated with conditions such as ADHD or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The sensation of high beta waves is often described as a state of heightened mental alertness and intense focus.

Summary of How qEEG Uses Brain Waves

The analysis of delta, alpha, theta, beta, and high beta waves in qEEG brain mapping can provide valuable information about a person’s neurological functioning and potential cognitive or mental health issues. The nuance in the brain map is the way we use these types of thinking and the interplay between them. By identifying abnormalities in these brain waves, healthcare professionals can develop more targeted and effective treatment plans for their patients. By understanding the uniqueness in each individual’s brain, healthcare professionals can develop targeted treatment plans for overall improved brain health.

The Relationship Between Glia and Mental Health 

Microglia, often referred to as the immune cells of the brain, play a crucial role in maintaining mental health and regulating inflammation within the central nervous system. These specialized cells are responsible for monitoring brain tissue for abnormalities, pathogens, and damaged cells. Dysregulation of microglial function has been implicated in various mental health disorders including depression, anxiety, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Emerging technologies like quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) brain mapping and neurostimulation offer promising avenues for enhancing microglial and myelin function. qEEG brain mapping allows for the precise assessment of brain activity, helping identify abnormal patterns that may indicate underlying mental health issues. Neurostimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have shown potential in modulating microglial activity and promoting the repair of myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibers. By harnessing these innovative tools, researchers and clinicians are exploring new approaches to bolstering microglial function and addressing the intricate relationship between inflammation and mental well-being.

Is qEEG Brainmapping Evidence Based?

ADHD and qEEG:

Research indicates that qEEG, particularly the measurement of the theta/beta ratio, has been widely studied in ADHD populations. It can help identify biomarkers that differentiate ADHD individuals from those without the disorder. Elevated theta power and reduced alpha power are the most consistently identified markers for ADHD, which helps guide neurofeedback interventions targeting attention regulation. Studies suggest that qEEG can also monitor treatment progress in ADHD by assessing brainwave abnormalities before and after interventions​

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Autism and qEEG:

Studies using qEEG have also identified patterns in the brain associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especially in children. One study from the Kufa Medical Journal explored how qEEG can detect increased power in certain frequency bands, such as beta activity, which correlates with autistic symptoms. Neurofeedback sessions targeting abnormal alpha or mu bands in autistic children showed promising results in improving attention and reducing autism-related symptoms​

. qEEG can be particularly useful in early diagnosis, even before behavioral symptoms fully manifest, by identifying unique brainwave patterns in high-risk newborns​

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Behavioral Regulation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders:

The Drake Institute provides evidence of how brain mapping (qEEG) can reveal dysfunctional brain areas contributing to behavioral issues in conditions like ADHD and autism. By analyzing dysregulated brain networks, targeted neurofeedback protocols have been shown to improve brain coherence, emotional regulation, and attention, providing long-term benefits beyond what is typically achieved with medication alone​

Other Studies on qEEG Brain Mapping

Credentials: Ensure the provider is certified and trained in qEEG interpretation and neurofeedback.

Experience: Look for a provider with extensive experience, particularly in your condition (ADHD, autism, etc.).

Technology: Check if they use up-to-date qEEG equipment and software.

Personalized Treatment: Opt for providers who offer individualized protocols based on your brain map.

Comprehensive Assessment: Choose a provider who performs a thorough qEEG assessment before treatment.

Multi-disciplinary Approach: Look for integration with other therapeutic methods (cognitive-behavioral therapy, medication, etc.).

Data Transparency: Ensure you receive clear reports and explanations of qEEG results.

Outcome Monitoring: Check if progress is regularly monitored through follow-up qEEG assessments.

Evidence-based Practices: Ask if they rely on research-supported methods for qEEG and neurofeedback.

Tailored Neurofeedback: Verify that neurofeedback sessions are personalized based on qEEG data.

Consultation Availability: Make sure they offer initial consultations to discuss qEEG and treatment options.

Referrals and Reviews: Seek out referrals or reviews from previous patients.

Ethical Standards: Ensure they follow ethical guidelines for patient treatment and data privacy.

Insurance Coverage: Check whether they accept insurance or offer payment plans.

Long-term Support: Look for a provider that offers long-term treatment plans and support after qEEG sessions.

Why Choose NeuroField Technology

NeuroField technology offers a unique combination of qEEG-guided neurofeedback, neuromodulation, and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy to optimize brain function. It integrates cutting-edge tools to improve neurological health, making it especially effective for treating conditions like ADHD, autism, and anxiety. NeuroField’s multi-modal approach tailors treatments to individual brainwave patterns, improving efficacy and outcomes. This makes it an excellent option for those seeking personalized, research-backed interventions to enhance cognitive and emotional regulation.

NeuroField doesn’t just target symptoms—it addresses underlying brainwave dysfunctions by recalibrating abnormal brainwave activity. Neurofeedback enhances the brain’s natural ability to regulate itself, leading to longer-lasting improvements in cognitive and emotional functioning. By combining multiple technologies, including PEMF to stimulate the body’s natural healing processes, NeuroField provides a holistic treatment that can improve energy levels, mood stability, and attention span.

One of the main benefits of NeuroField is its non-invasive nature, making it an excellent option for those seeking alternatives to medication. It is supported by research that shows its efficacy in reducing symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders, trauma, and stress-related conditions. Additionally, NeuroField technology is highly adaptable, allowing for continuous adjustments based on real-time feedback from the brain, ensuring optimal treatment progression. For individuals seeking a scientifically grounded and customized therapy, NeuroField offers a promising pathway toward enhanced neurological health.

What are the Parts of the qEEG Brain Map?

The qEEG brain map results provide information about different brain speeds, such as delta, theta, alpha, beta, and high beta, which correspond to different states based on circadian rhythms. Colors on the map indicate whether the brain is using these speeds at higher or lower levels than optimal. The top row of heads on the map represents the overall power of each speed, while the relative power shows which speed is being used the most and the least in comparison to other maps of people that match your age and gender assigned at birth.

The parameters at the bottom of the map, including amplitude, asymmetry, coherence, and phase lag, represent the communication between different brain areas, similar to networks in the brain. The dots on the map represent different areas of the brain: 

• F for frontal areas responsible for attention and executive function
• C for central areas responsible for basic functionality and the body’s nervous systems
• T for temporal areas responsible for auditory processing and emotional regulation
• O for occipital areas responsible for visual processing

A close-to-optimal map with minimal lines indicates efficient communication between brain areas in this example. Overall, qEEG provides valuable information about the functioning of the human brain and can help in understanding brain patterns and states.

What is an Example of a qEEG Brain Map?

qEEG brain maps can provide valuable information about the electrical activity of the brain and can help identify patterns or abnormalities that may be associated with various neurological or psychiatric conditions. Here are some examples of what a qEEG brain map might show:

Example of a qEEG Brain Map: ADHD

Let’s say a patient presents with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), such as difficulty concentrating, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. While each person’s brain will show different results, the qEEG brain map may reveal an excess of theta (4-8 Hz) waves and a deficiency of beta (12-30 Hz) waves in the prefrontal cortex. This is the region of the brain responsible for executive functions such as attention, decision-making, and impulse control.

This pattern of excess theta and deficient beta activity in the prefrontal cortex has been associated with ADHD in previous research. Based on this qEEG finding, a healthcare professional may recommend neurostimulation and neurofeedback therapy to help train the patient’s brain to increase beta activity in the prefrontal cortex and decrease theta activity; potentially leading to a reduction in ADHD symptoms.

It’s important to note that qEEG brain maps should be interpreted by a qualified healthcare professional who has expertise in qEEG, neurostimulation, and neurofeedback. The interpretation of qEEG results should take into account the patient’s clinical history and other factors, and the results should not be used to make a diagnosis without additional evaluation.

Example of a qEEG Brain Map: Autism

An analysis of a child’s brain using a qEEG brain map might reveal an atypical pattern of electrical activity in the temporal and frontal lobes, which are regions crucial for social queues, communication, and language processing. Based on these qEEG results, a healthcare professional may suggest neurostimulation and neurofeedback therapy as a potential intervention. The goal of this therapy would be to train the child’s brain to reduce theta and alpha activity in the temporal and frontal lobes, which could potentially enhance their language processing, processing social queues, and communication abilities. The therapy might involve engaging the child in interactive games or exercises that offer real-time neurofeedback on their brain activity, aiding them in learning self-regulation of their brain function.

Example of a qEEG Brain Map: Chronic Pain

Imagine a patient grappling with chronic pain that persists despite conventional treatments like medications and physical therapy. An innovative approach utilizing a qEEG brain map might shed light on the issue by uncovering an intriguing pattern of abnormal electrical activity within the somatosensory cortex. This particular region of the brain plays a vital role in processing sensory information; encompassing touch, pressure, and pain.

Notably, the qEEG assessment may unveil heightened activity in the delta (0-4 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) frequency bands within the somatosensory cortex. Fascinatingly, these frequency bands have been closely associated with pain processing and the complex experience of chronic pain.

Drawing from this remarkable qEEG discovery, a healthcare professional may introduce the concept of neurostimulation and neurofeedback therapy, an empowering avenue to train the patient’s brain to reduce delta and alpha activity within the somatosensory cortex. This can potentially lead to a remarkable alleviation of their pain perception. Neurostimulation and neurofeedback therapies, an embodiment of technological ingenuity, enable the patient to receive real-time feedback regarding their brain’s activity; effectively empowering them to master the art of self-regulating their brain function. This captivating therapy holds the promise of transforming the patient’s relationship with pain and bestowing them with newfound control over their mental and physical well-being.

What is an Example of a Neurostimulation Plan?

NeuroField is a type of neurostimulation that uses low-intensity electromagnetic fields to modulate brain activity. The device can be programmed to target specific regions of the brain and modulate the activity of neurons in those regions. Provided below are two examples of Neurofield Neurostimulation plans and what would be modulated.

Example of a Neurostimulation plan for Parkinson’s Disease:

Target region for parkinson’s disease:

The primary motor cortex (PMC) is a region of the brain that is involved in the planning and execution of voluntary movements. Abnormal activity in the PMC has been implicated in various movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease.

Modulation for parkinson’s disease:

The NeuroField device would be programmed to deliver low-intensity electromagnetic fields to the PMC to modulate its activity. The fields would be timed and calibrated to match the natural rhythm of the individual’s brain activity in the PMC. This would help to normalize the activity of neurons in the PMC and improve movement control.

Treatment sessions for parkinson’s disease:

The patient would attend multiple treatment sessions, each lasting approximately 20-30 minutes. During the session, the NeuroField device would be placed on specific regions of the head, using a cap, to target the PMC. The patient may feel a mild sensation of warmth or tingling during the treatment, but it should not be painful or uncomfortable.

Follow-up evaluations for parkinson’s disease:

After the treatment sessions are complete, the patient would undergo a follow-up evaluation to assess changes in symptoms and to determine if additional sessions are needed. A qEEG brain map may be repeated to evaluate changes in brain activity and to guide further treatment.

Example of a Neurostimulation plan for Major Depressive Disorder:

Target region for major depressive disorder:

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a region of the brain that is involved in cognitive control and emotional regulation. Abnormal activity in the DLPFC has been implicated in major depressive disorder.

Modulation for major depressive disorder:

The NeuroField device would be programmed to deliver low-intensity electromagnetic fields to the DLPFC to modulate its activity. The fields would be timed and calibrated to match the natural rhythm of the brain’s activity in the DLPFC. This would help to normalize the activity of neurons in the DLPFC and improve emotional regulation.

Treatment sessions for major depressive disorder:

The patient would attend multiple treatment sessions, each lasting approximately 20-30 minutes. During the session, the NeuroField device would be placed on specific regions of the head to target the DLPFC. The patient may feel a mild sensation of warmth or tingling during the treatment, but it should not be painful or uncomfortable.

Follow-up evaluations for major depressive disorder:

After the treatment sessions are complete, the patient would undergo a follow-up evaluation to assess changes in symptoms and to determine if additional sessions are needed. A qEEG brain map may be repeated to evaluate changes in brain activity and to guide further treatment.

Example of a Neurostimulation plan for PTSD and Anxiety:

Target region for PTSD and Anxiety:

The amygdala is a region of the brain that plays a key role in the processing of emotions; particularly fear and anxiety. Abnormal activity in the amygdala has been implicated in anxiety disorders.

Modulation for PTSD and Anxiety:

The NeuroField device would be programmed to deliver low-intensity electromagnetic fields to the amygdala to modulate its activity. The fields would be timed and calibrated to match the natural rhythm of the brain’s activity in the amygdala. This would help to normalize the activity of neurons in the amygdala and work to reduce anxiety.

Treatment sessions for PTSD and Anxiety :

The patient would attend multiple treatment sessions, each lasting approximately 20-30 minutes. During the session, the NeuroField device would be placed on specific regions of the head to target the amygdala. The patient may feel a mild sensation of warmth or tingling during the treatment, but it should not be painful or uncomfortable.

Follow-up evaluations for PTSD and Anxiety:

After the treatment sessions are complete, the patient would undergo a follow-up evaluation to assess changes in symptoms and to determine if additional sessions are needed. A qEEG brain map may be repeated to evaluate changes in brain activity and to guide further treatment.

Additional Information on Neurostimulation Plans:

It’s important to note that the use of NeuroField for anxiety disorders is still being studied, and more research is needed to determine its effectiveness and safety. The neurostimulation plan should be conducted under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional who has expertise in qEEG and neurostimulation. The treatment plan should be tailored to the individual patient’s needs and should take into account the patient’s clinical history and other factors.

How is the qEEG Brain Map Analyzed?

By capturing functional images of the brain’s electrical waves, qEEG brain maps offer valuable information about brain patterns and states. Many people are curious how the brain maps are interpreted. The process of interpreting and analyzing qEEG brain maps takes years to learn and the technology is so new that few people have been trained in reading them. Interpreting the maps is half art half science. Dr. Jason Mishalanie, PhD, BCN was an early adopter of the technology and has more experience than almost anyone in the field.

Interpretation of qEEG Brain Maps:

qEEG brain maps are generated by analyzing the electrical activity of the brain recorded through specialized caps with multiple electrodes placed on the scalp using a special cap. These maps typically display different brain speeds and waves, including delta, theta, alpha, beta, and high beta, which correspond to different states based on circadian rhythms. Interpretation of these brain speeds and waves involves analyzing the colors displayed on the map, which indicate whether the brain is using these speeds at higher or lower levels than optimal.

Colors on the qEEG brain map:

The colors on the qEEG brain map play a crucial role in interpreting the brain’s activity. Yellow, orange, and red colors indicate that the brain is using one to three levels too high of a particular speed, while different blue colors suggest that the brain is using one to three levels too low of that speed. This color-coded information helps in identifying any imbalances or irregularities in brain activity, providing valuable insights into the functioning of the brain.

Overall power and relative power:

The top row of heads on the qEEG brain map represents the overall power of each brain speed, indicating how ‘charged up’ the brain is overall. This information helps in understanding the overall activity levels of different brain speeds. Additionally, the relative power displayed on the map shows which brain speed is being used the most and the least in comparison to others of the same age and gender assigned at birth. This data provides important clues about the brain’s dominant and less dominant activity levels, aiding in the interpretation of qEEG brain maps.

Parameters at the bottom of the map:

The qEEG brain maps also include parameters at the bottom of the map that provide insights into the communication between different brain areas. These parameters, including amplitude, asymmetry, coherence, and phase lag, represent the networks in the brain and how different areas communicate with each other. For instance, frontal areas responsible for attention and executive function are labeled with “F,” central areas with “C,” temporal areas with “T,” and occipital areas with “O.” The analysis of these parameters and the lines connecting different areas on the map help in understanding the efficiency of communication between brain regions.

Z-Score:

The Z-score coherence is a measure of functional connectivity between two regions of the brain. It provides an estimate of the strength of the coherence between the signals recorded from different electrode sites, compared to a database. The coherence is a measure of the degree to which two signals are synchronized or correlated, indicating the degree of functional connectivity between different brain regions. The Z-score is a statistical measure of how far the coherence value is from the average coherence value in the normative database.

The Z-score amplitude is a measure of the power or strength of the electrical activity in a particular frequency band within a specific region of the brain. The amplitude is the measurement of the size or magnitude of a particular qEEG wave. The Z-score amplitude is the statistical comparison of the amplitude value of a particular frequency band within a specific region of the brain compared to a normative database.

Both Z-score coherence and amplitude are useful in the assessment of brain function and dysfunction. They can provide valuable information about the patterns of brain activity associated with various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, anxiety, and traumatic brain injury. Z-score coherence and amplitude can also be used to guide neurostimulation treatments to target specific brain regions and frequencies for optimal outcomes.

Amplitude Asymmetry:

Amplitude asymmetry refers to the difference in the electrical activity between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. It is typically measured as the difference in amplitude between homologous electrode sites located on each hemisphere. An abnormal amplitude asymmetry may suggest a disruption in the normal functioning of the brain, and has been associated with various neurological and psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.

Phase Lag:

Phase lag is a measure of the delay in the propagation of neural signals between different regions of the brain. It is a measure of the temporal relationship between two or more qEEG signals recorded from different electrode sites. Phase lag is typically calculated by measuring the time delay between two signals at a given frequency. An abnormal phase lag may suggest a disruption in the normal communication between different brain regions, and has been associated with various neurological and psychiatric conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and traumatic brain injury.

Implications of qEEG Brain Map Interpretation:

Interpretation of qEEG brain maps can have significant implications for understanding brain function and identifying any abnormalities or imbalances in your brain. By analyzing the brain’s activity levels, dominant and less dominant patterns, and communication between the different brain areas, qEEG brain maps can provide valuable insights into the functioning of the human brain. This information can be used in various clinical and research settings, such as identifying neurological disorders, monitoring treatment progress, and optimizing cognitive performance.

Summary of how the QEEG map is analyzed:

qEEG brain maps are a powerful tool for interpreting and analyzing the functional activity of the brain. By analyzing the colors on the map, overall power and relative power of brain speeds, and parameters related to communication between brain areas, qEEG brain maps can provide valuable insights into brain function. Understanding the interpretation of qEEG brain maps can help in optimizing brain health, identifying neurological disorders, and improving cognitive and athletic performance.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and qEEG Brain Mapping

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a widely used personality assessment that categorizes individuals into 16 distinct personality types based on four dichotomies: extraversion vs. introversion, sensing vs. intuition, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving. Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) brain mapping is a diagnostic tool used to measure and map brainwave activity across different regions of the brain. Researchers have explored potential connections between these two domains to establish a relationship between them.

Several researchers have proposed that the various brainwave frequencies observed in a qEEG brain map may correspond to the functions identified in the MBTI. However, the precise relationship between qEEG brain waves and MBTI functions remains a subject of research and debate.

One proposed connection suggests that the alpha brainwave frequency, associated with relaxed wakefulness and meditation, is linked to the MBTI function of intuition. Alpha waves reflect a state of relaxed focus that fosters insight and creativity, which may facilitate the intuition function involving generating insights and making connections based on patterns and associations.

Another proposed connection suggests that the beta frequency, associated with focused attention and alertness, may correspond to the MBTI function of sensing. Beta waves reflect a state of focused attention that enables precise and detailed perception, potentially facilitating the sensing function of gathering data through the senses and paying attention to concrete details and facts.

Furthermore, the theta frequency, associated with daydreaming and creative states, is purported to correspond to the MBTI function of feeling. Theta waves reflect a state of relaxed and open awareness, fostering creative and imaginative thinking that may facilitate the feeling function of evaluating and assessing information based on personal values and emotional responses.

Likewise, the delta frequency, associated with deep sleep and unconscious processing, may correspond to the MBTI function of thinking. Delta waves reflect a state of unconscious processing that supports problem-solving and decision-making, potentially facilitating the thinking function of analyzing and evaluating information based on logic and reason.

However, it is important to note that while some correlations between qEEG brain waves and MBTI functions have been proposed, conclusive evidence for these connections is lacking. The brain is a complex and dynamic system, and it is unlikely that a single brainwave frequency can fully account for a specific cognitive or personality function. Additionally, the MBTI relies on self-report assessments, introducing biases and limitations.

Nonetheless, exploring the potential connections between the different brain waves observed in a qEEG brain map and the functions identified in the MBTI can yield valuable insights into the relationship between brain activity and personality.

Trauma and its Impact on Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Personality

Trauma is a widespread phenomenon that can have long-lasting effects on an individual’s psychological and physical well-being. While genetics plays a significant role in shaping personality traits and behavior, research indicates that environmental factors, including trauma, can also influence their expression. Recent studies have focused on understanding the intricate interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors, specifically how trauma can lead to changes in genetic expression.

Trauma’s influence on genetic expression is primarily mediated through epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic changes involve alterations in gene expression without modifications to the DNA sequence itself, but rather changes in gene regulation. Trauma can induce epigenetic modifications that alter gene expression, resulting in the manifestation of symptoms associated with mental health conditions.

The Dresden study, conducted by scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Germany, examined the epigenetic changes occurring in individuals with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The study revealed that PTSD can trigger epigenetic modifications in genes associated with stress response, immune function, and neuronal signaling pathways. These changes can lead to alterations in brain function and structure, contributing to the development of PTSD symptoms.

Additionally, research has demonstrated that early childhood trauma can induce epigenetic changes in genes responsible for regulating the stress response system, increasing the risk of developing anxiety and depression. Similarly, trauma can impact the expression of genes related to addiction, rendering individuals more vulnerable to substance abuse and dependence.

Furthermore, trauma can result in changes in brain function and structure, leading to modified neural pathways underlying the expression of mental health symptoms. Studies have indicated that exposure to trauma can bring about alterations in brain regions responsible for emotional processing, consequently giving rise to anxiety and mood disorders.

Another study carried out by researchers at the University of Michigan observed that individuals with high scores in the trait of “neuroticism” were more prone to experiencing traumatic events and developing PTSD symptoms compared to those with low scores in neuroticism. Neuroticism is a personality trait characterized by a tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and self-doubt.

In addition to personality, kindness, and compassion can also influence the experience and manifestation of trauma-related symptoms. Research has shown that individuals who engage in acts of kindness and compassion towards themselves and others may be better equipped to cope with the effects of trauma. For instance, a study conducted at the University of Arizona demonstrated that individuals who practiced self-compassion were less likely to experience PTSD symptoms following a traumatic event. Similarly, another study found that individuals who engaged in acts of kindness towards others experienced lower levels of stress and anxiety.

These findings underscore the significance of considering the role of personality and positive psychological factors such as kindness and compassion in the experience and expression of trauma-related symptoms. While genetics may determine how an individual responds to trauma and subsequent mental health conditions, environmental factors such as personality traits and positive psychological factors also play a critical role in shaping the manifestation of these symptoms.

The History of Neurostimulation

Ancient World:

The history of neurostimulation spans ancient times to the present, with significant developments and pioneers driving its progress. Ancient civilizations, like the Greeks, experimented with electric sea creatures for treating ailments. In the Enlightenment era, medical electricity gained popularity, and researchers like Johann Gottlob Krüger and Matthias Bose explored its potential therapeutic applications.

Early History:

In the twentieth century, neurostimulation took significant strides. Dr. Albert Grass developed the first neurostimulator in the 1920s, leading to its use in treating epilepsy and chronic pain. Dr. G. W. Crile introduced electrical currents for chronic pain management, and Dr. Hans Selye explored the physiological responses of the nervous system to stress using electrical stimulation.

The 1950s saw the introduction of implanted neurostimulators, with Dr. William Sweet using implanted electrodes for chronic pain treatment. In 1967, the first spinal cord stimulator was developed, offering relief for chronic pain sufferers. The 1980s brought deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson’s disease, revolutionizing treatment options and improving patients’ quality of life.

Modern Advancements:

Modern advancements include non-invasive alternatives like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which uses magnetic fields to treat depression. The early 2000s saw the introduction of non-invasive spinal cord stimulators, offering targeted pain relief without surgery. Closed-loop systems and real-time adjustments based on brain activity monitoring have opened doors for personalized and adaptive neurostimulation.

Pioneers in the Field of Neurostimulation:

Today, neurostimulation is widely used to treat various conditions, including chronic pain, epilepsy, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Notable pioneers in the field include Dr. Benjamin Franklin, Dr. Melvin D. Yahr, Dr. Alim-Louis Benabid, and Dr. Mark S. George. Their contributions have paved the way for advancements in neurostimulation technology, with ongoing research promising further breakthroughs and improved treatments for neurological disorders. Neurostimulation continues to hold great potential for enhancing the lives of patients and shaping the future of medical care.

Contemporary qEEG Researchers:

Dr. Barry Sherman has been involved in groundbreaking research to enhance the understanding and diagnosis of mental health disorders. His research efforts have focused on utilizing neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), to uncover the neurobiological underpinnings of various conditions. By studying brain activity and connectivity, he has contributed to the identification of distinct biomarkers and neurophysiological abnormalities associated with mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Dr. Robert Thatcher: Dr. Thatcher is a leading expert in qEEG and has conducted extensive research on brainwave patterns and their relationship to mental health disorders. His work focuses on qEEG-guided neurofeedback, brain mapping, and the neurophysiology of various conditions, including ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, and traumatic brain injury.

Dr. Juri Kropotov: Dr. Kropotov has made significant contributions to the field of qEEG in mental health, particularly in the areas of depression, schizophrenia, and ADHD. His research explores the use of qEEG phenotypes for diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring treatment outcomes.

Dr. Martijn Arns: Dr. Arns has conducted extensive research on qEEG and its applications in mental health disorders. His work focuses on neurofeedback interventions for conditions such as ADHD, depression, and anxiety disorders. He has also contributed to the development of personalized treatment protocols based on qEEG assessments.

Dr. Juri D. Kropotov: Dr. Kropotov’s research focuses on the use of qEEG in the assessment and treatment of various mental health conditions, including attention disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders. His work involves the development of novel qEEG-based interventions and the investigation of neurophysiological markers in psychiatric disorders.

Dr. Marco Congedo: Dr. Congedo has made significant contributions to the field of qEEG analysis and its applications in mental health. His research focuses on the development of advanced qEEG methods, machine learning algorithms, and the use of qEEG in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety.

Contemporary qEEG Applications:

qEEG Phenotypes:

qEEG phenotypes refer to patterns and characteristics of brainwave activity that are identified through the analysis of Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) data. qEEG is a neuroimaging technique that measures and records the electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp. By analyzing the resulting data, researchers and clinicians can identify specific brainwave patterns that are associated with different mental states, cognitive processes, and mental health disorders.

qEEG phenotypes provide valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and its relationship to various aspects of mental health. They offer a quantitative and objective way to assess brain activity, allowing for a deeper understanding of brain function and dysfunction.

These phenotypes can be categorized based on the frequencies and amplitudes of brainwave activity recorded by qEEG. Common brainwave frequencies include delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (12-30 Hz), and gamma (30-100 Hz). Variations in these frequencies and their distribution across different brain regions can provide valuable information about an individual’s cognitive processes, emotional states, and potential abnormalities.

qEEG phenotypes have numerous applications in mental health. They can assist in the diagnosis of various mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). By comparing an individual’s qEEG data to normative databases or established patterns, clinicians can identify deviations and abnormalities that may indicate specific conditions.

qEEG phenotypes play a crucial role in personalized treatment planning. They can guide the selection of appropriate therapies, such as neurofeedback training, where individuals learn to self-regulate their brainwave activity based on the feedback provided by the qEEG. qEEG phenotypes can also aid in optimizing medication management by identifying specific brainwave patterns associated with treatment response to different medications.

qEEG phenotypes provide objective and quantifiable information about brain activity and its relevance to mental health. By leveraging these insights, researchers and clinicians can enhance diagnostic accuracy, tailor interventions, and improve outcomes in the field of mental health.

QEEG Phenotypes in Mental Health:

Diagnosis and Treatment Planning:

qEEG phenotypes enable clinicians to observe patterns and deviations in brainwave activity associated with various mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This objective data aids in accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment planning.

Neurofeedback and Brain Training:

qEEG-guided neurofeedback therapy allows individuals to learn how to self-regulate their brainwave activity. By providing real-time feedback on their brainwave patterns, individuals can develop techniques to enhance desirable brainwave states, leading to improved mental health outcomes.

Medication Optimization:

qEEG phenotypes can assist psychiatrists in selecting the most appropriate medication for patients. By analyzing an individual’s qEEG data, clinicians can identify specific brainwave patterns that correlate with treatment response to particular medications, facilitating a more personalized and effective medication management approach.

Performance Enhancement:

qEEG phenotypes have applications beyond mental health disorders. Athletes, executives, and artists can benefit from qEEG assessments to optimize their cognitive and creative abilities. By identifying areas of brain activity that may need improvement, tailored interventions can be designed to enhance performance in specific domains.

Benefits of qEEG Phenotypes:

Objective and Quantifiable Data:

qEEG phenotypes provide objective and quantifiable data about brain activity, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy. This data-driven approach allows for personalized and targeted interventions, leading to improved outcomes.

Early Intervention and Prevention:

qEEG phenotypes offer the potential for early identification of at-risk individuals before the onset of significant symptoms. This early intervention can promote proactive mental health care and prevent the exacerbation of conditions.

Non-Invasive and Safe:

qEEG is a non-invasive procedure that poses minimal risk to patients. The process involves attaching electrodes to the head using a special cap. The recording process has little to no feeling, making it suitable for individuals of all ages.

Holistic Approach to Mental Health:

qEEG phenotypes provide a comprehensive understanding of brain function and facilitate a holistic approach to mental health treatment. By considering the individual’s unique neurophysiology, interventions can be tailored to address underlying imbalances, fostering long term well-being.

As our understanding of the brain continues to evolve, qEEG phenotypes have emerged as a valuable tool in the field of mental health. By leveraging the power of neuroimaging and data analysis, mental health practitioners can enhance diagnosis accuracy, personalize treatment plans, and empower individuals on their journey toward optimal mental well-being. Embracing the potential of qEEG phenotypes, we can unlock a new era of targeted and effective mental health care.

How does qEEG Brain Mapping and Neurostimulation Treat ASD Autism in Children?

Using a qEEG can help to identify areas of abnormal brain activity, and this information can be used to create an individualized treatment plan tailored to children with ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neurostimulation can target specific areas of the brain to help improve social interaction, reduce anxiety and hyperactivity, and improve overall mood. These treatments are non-invasive and can be performed in a clinical setting.

Identifying Abnormal Brain Activity:

qEEG can identify areas of abnormal brain activity in children with ASD. This information can be used to create an individualized treatment plan tailored to the specific needs of the child.

Personalized Treatment:

Neurostimulation can be used to target specific areas of the brain that are responsible for regulating mood, emotions, and social behavior. By stimulating these areas, neurostimulation can improve social interaction, reduce anxiety and hyperactivity, and improve overall mood and behavior.

Improved Outcomes:

Studies have shown that combining qEEG and neurostimulation can improve outcomes for children with ASD. One study found that children who received qEEG-guided neurostimulation showed significant improvements in social communication, social interaction, and overall behavior.

Early Intervention:

qEEG can detect changes in brain activity in children as young as two years old. This early detection can allow for early intervention and treatment, which can improve outcomes for children with ASD.

Non-Invasive:

Both qEEG and neurostimulation are non-invasive techniques that are safe and painless. They can be performed in a clinical setting and do not require any invasive procedures.

In summary, qEEG and neurostimulation are promising techniques for treating ASD in children. By identifying areas of abnormal brain activity and targeting specific areas of the brain with neurostimulation, clinicians can create personalized treatment plans that improve outcomes and quality of life for children with ASD.

Neurostimulation for ADHD and academic performance in teenagers and children:

The combination of qEEG brain mapping and neurostimulation holds immense potential for enhancing academic performance in teenagers and children. These advanced techniques offer a range of benefits that can significantly improve educational outcomes.

Attention and focus can be enhanced through neurostimulation, which precisely targets the brain areas responsible for these cognitive functions. Studies have shown that neurostimulation improves working memory, attention, and processing speed, leading to improved academic performance.

qEEG brain mapping enables a personalized approach by identifying areas of abnormal brain activity that may hinder academic performance. This information allows for tailored treatment plans that specifically address the underlying causes of academic difficulties.

Neurostimulation also reduces anxiety and stress by stimulating brain regions involved in mood regulation. This promotes a relaxed and focused state during academic tasks, enabling individuals to perform at their best.

Neurostimulation can optimize memory and learning capabilities by targeting brain regions associated with these cognitive processes. This facilitates improved long-term retention of academic material and enhances overall learning outcomes.

Both neurostimulation and qEEG techniques are non-invasive, ensuring a safe and painless experience. These procedures can be conducted in clinical settings or remotely, providing flexibility and convenience.

The integration of qEEG brain mapping and neurostimulation offers significant potential for maximizing academic performance in teenagers and children. By improving attention and focus, reducing anxiety and stress, enhancing memory and learning, and providing non-invasive solutions, these techniques empower individuals to excel academically and reach their full potential.

Enhancing Athletic Performance with qEEG and Neurostimulation

Utilizing qEEG and neurostimulation holds immense potential in optimizing athletic performance. Through the identification of performance-related brain wave patterns, qEEG enables the creation of personalized training plans that target specific areas of brain function crucial for athletic success.

One key aspect that can be improved is focus and attention. Neurostimulation techniques can stimulate the brain regions responsible for attention and focus, resulting in enhanced concentration during training and competition. By honing these cognitive abilities, athletes can elevate their performance to new heights.

Anxiety and Focus:

Another benefit lies in reducing anxiety and stress. Neurostimulation can effectively target the brain areas involved in mood regulation, leading to a decrease in anxiety and stress levels. This reduction in psychological burden can significantly enhance athletic performance, enabling athletes to perform at their best under pressure.

Physical Recovery:

Neurostimulation aids in the recovery process. By stimulating the brain regions responsible for rest and recovery, athletes can experience accelerated recovery times after intense training sessions or competitions. This promotes faster healing and rejuvenation, allowing athletes to bounce back quickly and maintain peak performance.

Non-Invasive:

Both qEEG and neurostimulation techniques are non-invasive, ensuring a safe and painless experience. These procedures can be conducted in a clinical setting or even remotely, providing convenience and accessibility for athletes.

The combined power of qEEG and neurostimulation presents a promising avenue for improving athletic performance. By identifying performance-related brain wave patterns, enhancing focus and attention, reducing anxiety and stress, promoting recovery, and offering non-invasive solutions, these techniques have the potential to propel athletes to new levels of excellence.

Books on qEEG Brain Mapping and Neurostimulation

1. “Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback: Advanced Theory and Applications” by Thomas H. Budzynski, Helen Kogan Budzynski, and James R. Evans

Amazon link: Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback on Amazon

2. “Brainwave-Sync – Meditation – QEEG Guided Meditation” by Brainwave-Sync

Amazon link: Brainwave-Sync – Meditation – QEEG Guided Meditation on Amazon

3. “Functional Neurology for Practitioners of Manual Medicine” by Randy W. Beck

Amazon link: Functional Neurology for Practitioners of Manual Medicine on Amazon

4. “Quantitative EEG, Event-Related Potentials and Neurotherapy” by Juri D. Kropotov

Amazon link: Quantitative EEG, Event-Related Potentials and Neurotherapy on Amazon

5. “EEG and Evoked Potentials in Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurology” by Albert J. Gjedde and Morten Friberg

Amazon link: EEG and Evoked Potentials in Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurology on Amazon

6. “Foundations of Neurofeedback” by David A. Kaiser and Thoma H. Budzynski

Amazon link: Foundations of Neurofeedback on Amazon

7. “Introduction to the Quantitative Electroencephalogram and Neurofeedback: Advanced Theory and Applications” by Thomas H. Budzynski, Helen Kogan Budzynski, and James R. Evans

Amazon link: Introduction to the Quantitative Electroencephalogram and Neurofeedback on Amazon

8. “EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology” by Aatif M. Husain and Warren T. Blume

Amazon link: EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology on Amazon

9. “The Neurofeedback Book: An Introduction to Basic Concepts in Applied Psychophysiology” by Michael Thompson and Lynda Thompson

Amazon link: The Neurofeedback Book on Amazon

10. “Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Developmental Trauma: Calming the Fear-Driven Brain” by Sebern F. Fisher

Amazon link: Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Developmental Trauma on Amazon

11. “Introduction to Neurofeedback” by John N. Demos

Amazon link: Introduction to Neurofeedback on Amazon

12. “Handbook of Clinical QEEG and Neurotherapy” edited by Thomas H. Budzynski, Helen Kogan Budzynski, James R. Evans, and Andrew Abarbanel

Amazon link: Handbook of Clinical QEEG and Neurotherapy on Amazon

13. “A Symphony in the Brain: The Evolution of the New Brainwave Biofeedback” by Jim Robbins

Amazon link: A Symphony in the Brain on Amazon

14. “Neurofeedback and State Regulation in ADHD: A Therapy Without Medication” by Werner Van den Bergh, Ludo Vermeulen, and Martijn Arns

Amazon link: Neurofeedback and State Regulation in ADHD on Amazon

15. “Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation Techniques and Applications” by Robert Coben and James R. Evans

Amazon link: Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation Techniques and Applications on Amazon

Evidence Based Practice and Research on the Efficacy of Neurostimulation and qEEG Brain Mapping

“Clinical QEEG and Neurotherapy” by Thomas F. Collura

Brain Based Interventions

“Quantitative”Neurofeedback and QEEG in the Treatment of Psychopathology and Developmental Disorders” by James R. Evans

Electroencephalography (QEEG) Brain Mapping: A Technical Overview and Practical Guide” by Robert W. Thatcher

State-of-the-art non-invasive brain–computer interface for neural rehabilitation: A review

EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance. II: Creativity, the performing arts and ecological validity

Z-Score Neurofeedback

An Overview of the Use of Neurofeedback Biofeedback for the Treatment of Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury in Military and Civilian Populations

Mental Imagery and Brain Regulation—New Links Between Psychotherapy and

Neuroscience

The Low Energy Neurofeedback System (LENS): Theory, Background, and Introduction

EEG-Neurofeedback as a Tool to Modulate Cognition and Behavior: A Review Tutorial

BENIGN PARTIAL ROLANDIC EPILEPSY FOLLOWING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION AND NEUROCOVID-19 EXPERIENCE: A CASE STUDY.

EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance. I: A review of cognitive and affective outcome in healthy participants

PTSD Remediation with Neurofeedback

The Neurofeedback Solution

Editorial: Neuromodulation in Basic, Translational and Clinical Research in Psychiatry

Noninvasive and Invasive Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Tinnitus: An Overview

EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance. II: Creativity, the performing arts and ecological validity

Comparison of neurofeedback and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation efficacy on treatment of primary headaches: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

The use of EEG Biofeedback/Neurofeedback in psychiatric rehabilitation.

Revisiting the Potential of EEG Neurofeedback for Patients With Schizophrenia

Comparison of Neurofeedback and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Efficacy on Treatment of Primary Headaches: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Neurostimulation in Anxiety Disorders, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder​

Neurostimulation for treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: an update on neurocircuitry and therapeutic targets​

Neurostimulation for Mixed Trauma Syndrome

Adaptive Neurostim for PTSD

Neuromodulatory Approaches for Depression, Adaptive Neurostimulation, and Emerging DBS Technologies

Double Trouble: Treatment Considerations for Patients with Comorbid PTSD and Depression

Neuro-stimulation Techniques for the Management of Anxiety Disorders: An Update

Peripheral nerve neurostimulation

CLINICAL TRIAL OF RESPONSIVE NEUROSTIMULATION OF THE AMYGDALA FOR TREATMENT

Translingual Neurostimulation (TLNS): Perspective on a Novel Approach to Neurorehabilitation after Brain Injury

Clinical application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder: A literature review

Defining focal brain stimulation targets for PTSD using neuroimaging

Revisiting the efficacy of neurostimulation by accounting for subjective belief of receiving active treatment