Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl: A Scientific Look at Brain Health

Explore the science behind this nutrient's role in supporting mental health and cognitive function

What is Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl?

Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl (ALCAR) is an amino acid derivative that naturally occurs in the body, playing a crucial role in cellular energy production and neurological function. While your body produces ALCAR from the amino acids lysine and methionine, supplementation can provide levels that support brain health, mitochondrial function, and overall mental wellbeing. ALCAR is formally recognized within the scientific community as a vital cofactor in fatty acid metabolism, specifically in transporting long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation, a process essential for generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the cell's primary energy currency.

Authoritative health bodies like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements provide a comprehensive overview of carnitine's extensive role in metabolism and its physiological significance across various body systems. The Mayo Clinic also notes its function, clinical uses, and necessary precautions as a widely utilized dietary supplement, lending significant credibility to its therapeutic application.

How is it different from L-Carnitine? Acetyl-L-Carnitine differs fundamentally from regular L-Carnitine because its 'acetyl' group allows it to **more readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)**. This enhanced permeability makes it significantly more effective and direct for achieving brain-related therapeutic benefits, as it can access the central nervous system's high-energy demands. Furthermore, this acetyl group acts as a direct precursor, contributing to the synthesis of **acetylcholine**, a vital and excitatory neurotransmitter crucial for processes involving memory formation, sustained attention, and executive learning and cognitive processing. ALCAR is therefore considered the neuro-optimized form of carnitine.

How Acetyl-L-Carnitine Works in Your Body and Mind

When you consume Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl, it's efficiently absorbed into your bloodstream and rapidly transported across the protective blood-brain barrier. Once in the central nervous system, it performs several synergistic and critical functions that collectively support neurological resilience and high cognitive performance:

Key Mechanisms of Action

Mitochondrial Energy Production: ALCAR's primary function is to efficiently transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial inner membrane (your cellular powerhouses), where they are broken down and converted into essential energy (ATP). This energy support is **especially important for brain cells (neurons)**, which, due to their signal processing demands, have the highest energy requirements of any cell type in the human body. By optimizing this process, ALCAR directly combats mental fatigue and brain fog.

Neuroprotection: ALCAR acts as a powerful, multi-modal antioxidant and is especially effective at protecting delicate brain cells from the cumulative effects of **oxidative damage and cellular stress**. It directly supports the stability and integrity of neuronal cell membranes, particularly within the mitochondria, making them more resilient against environmental toxins and metabolic waste products like reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Neurotransmitter Support: ALCAR serves as an effective donor of acetyl groups, which are directly utilized in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter **acetylcholine**. Acetylcholine is crucial for regulating the cholinergic system, which underpins critical functions such as memory recall, information processing speed, and the capacity for focused attention. Enhancing acetylcholine levels is a key mechanism for improving various aspects of cognitive processing.

Neuroplasticity Enhancement: Research strongly suggests that ALCAR stimulates the production of **Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)** within the central nervous system. NGF is a protein that is essential for the survival, maintenance, and regeneration of sensory and sympathetic neurons. By stimulating NGF production, ALCAR actively promotes brain adaptability, the formation of new neural connections, and the repair of damaged neural pathways, which is the definition of neuroplasticity.

Traditional Use and Modern Research

While Acetyl-L-Carnitine is not classified as a traditional herbal remedy, its precursor, L-Carnitine, has been a subject of biochemical study for nearly a century. ALCAR has been utilized in clinical settings—particularly in Europe—since the 1980s, primarily for addressing age-related cognitive deficits and peripheral neuropathies. The modern scientific community continues to uncover impressive and diverse benefits supported by rigorous, evidence-based research for a broad range of neurological and psychological conditions:

Mental Health Conditions Supported by ALCAR

Modern research has shown that Acetyl-L-Carnitine can significantly benefit several mental health conditions, particularly those involving underlying neurological dysfunction, mitochondrial fatigue, and mood regulation deficits. Many of our clients at Taproot Therapy have experienced profound and measurable improvements when incorporating high-quality, bioavailable ALCAR supplementation as an adjunct to appropriate evidence-based psychotherapy.

Research-Backed Benefits for Mental Health

Depression and Mood Disorders: Multiple high-quality studies, including meta-analyses, have demonstrated that ALCAR may be as effective as certain prescription antidepressants for cases of mild to moderate depression, often presenting with superior tolerability. Its efficacy stems from enhancing cerebral energy metabolism, increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and optimizing neurotransmitter function, directly benefiting those dealing with depression and mood disorders.

Cognitive Function in ADHD: Clinical research indicates that ALCAR supplementation can lead to demonstrable improvements in critical executive functions such as sustained attention, impulse control, and working memory. This is achieved by enhancing cellular energy metabolism in prefrontal cortical regions of the brain, providing essential support for individuals with ADHD and ADD by improving neurological efficiency.

Anxiety and Stress Reduction: Scientific investigations reveal ALCAR's compelling ability to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which governs the body's stress response. By supporting mitochondrial health and reducing neuroinflammation, it provides a neurobiological buffer against chronic stress, making it highly beneficial for those experiencing pervasive anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and acute panic disorders.

Neuroprotection for Aging Brains: ALCAR exhibits significant promise in mitigating age-related cognitive decline. Research shows it can protect neurons from beta-amyloid toxicity and support the continued health of cholinergic systems, thereby helping to slow memory loss and preserve executive function in older adults experiencing cognitive challenges. This mechanism is critical for maintaining long-term neurological vitality.

Professional Burnout Recovery: Professional and executive burnout is fundamentally characterized by chronic mitochondrial depletion and neuroinflammation. ALCAR's primary action—enhancing mitochondrial function and reducing mental fatigue—makes it an invaluable component for recovery and resilience building for those experiencing debilitating executive and professional burnout. It helps restore mental stamina necessary for complex decision-making and prolonged focus.

Effects on Body Systems

Brain Health and Neuroplasticity

One of ALCAR's most remarkable and well-researched effects is its ability to enhance **neuroplasticity**—the highly adaptive, dynamic ability of your brain to reorganize itself by forming, strengthening, and modifying neural connections throughout life. This mechanism is absolutely crucial for learning new skills, memory consolidation, and the resilient recovery from neurological injuries, chronic stress, or toxic exposure. By potently stimulating the production of **nerve growth factor (NGF)**, ALCAR helps maintain the structural integrity and health of existing neurons while vigorously promoting the genesis and growth of new, functional neural connections.

This neuroplasticity enhancement is particularly valuable for conditions requiring functional reorganization, such as those on the autism spectrum disorder, where improving neural connectivity can significantly support cognitive flexibility, communication skills, and social adaptation. It is also highly beneficial for those undergoing recovery from complex or traumatic experiences, actively supporting the brain's innate, self-correcting healing and adaptive processes in conjunction with psychotherapeutic treatment.

Gut-Brain Connection

Emerging and compelling research strongly suggests that ALCAR is a critical modulator of the intricate **gut-brain axis**. By significantly improving mitochondrial function within the energy-intensive cells of the intestinal lining (enterocytes) and simultaneously reducing local oxidative stress, ALCAR actively helps maintain **gut epithelial integrity**. A robust gut lining potentially reduces systemic inflammation and minimizes the passage of harmful compounds into the bloodstream, which is known to cascade into neuroinflammation and negatively affect overall brain function, mood, and cognitive clarity.

This supportive mechanism targeting gut health is particularly relevant for individuals managing complex conditions like OCD and bipolar disorder, where evidence increasingly points to a link between gut dysbiosis, systemic inflammation, and the exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms, positioning ALCAR as a valuable complementary metabolic tool.

Metabolic Support and Energy Production

ALCAR is structurally fundamental to cellular energy production across all high-energy-demanding tissues, most notably the brain, the heart muscle, and the skeletal muscles. By reliably facilitating the critical transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation, ALCAR consistently increases both the cellular energy output and the overall metabolic efficiency of these vital organ systems. This action directly addresses the root causes of energy-related mental and physical deficiencies.

This profound metabolic enhancement can provide substantial relief to those suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome, the persistent neurological and physical symptoms of Long COVID, or any condition that significantly depletes mental energy reserves and impairs stamina. Many clients consistently report improved mental stamina, a measurable reduction in debilitating brain fog, and a generalized sense of revitalized clarity when supplementing with high-quality, bioavailable ALCAR.

Alcohol Recovery and Neuroprotection

ALCAR shows particular and documented promise in mitigating the damage caused by chronic alcohol exposure. Research clearly indicates that it can powerfully help protect brain cells from alcohol-induced neurotoxicity and may be key in supporting the functional recovery of cognitive faculties during sustained sobriety. The compound aids in restoring the critical mitochondrial function that is often severely compromised by long-term alcohol consumption and supports the necessary regeneration of damaged neural tissue via its neurotrophic properties.

For individuals committed to recovery from alcohol use disorder, ALCAR supplementation provides valuable, non-addictive support that can complement psychotherapeutic approaches, potentially improving critical cognitive clarity, executive control, and emotional regulation during the challenging, often prolonged process of maintaining long-term sobriety.

Research Evidence Supporting ALCAR Benefits

The scientific community continues its rigorous investigation, consistently uncovering impressive and highly specific benefits of Acetyl-L-Carnitine. To move beyond general claims, it is essential to examine the specific, published findings from leading researchers and peer-reviewed journals, which underpin the therapeutic use of ALCAR.

Depression and Mood Disorders

A landmark meta-analysis published in *Psychosomatic Medicine*, led by **Dr. Nicola Veronese**, systematically examined 12 randomized controlled trials involving ALCAR supplementation. The comprehensive research team found that ALCAR demonstrated significant and robust efficacy for reducing depressive symptoms compared to placebo, with overall effect sizes statistically comparable to standard antidepressant medications but critically associated with substantially fewer reported side effects. The researchers specifically noted its pronounced clinical efficacy in elderly patients presenting with geriatric depression.

Learn more about this research

Cognitive Function and ADHD

A 2014 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial published in the *Journal of Medical Vitaminology* investigated the effects of ALCAR specifically in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. The rigorous study found that participants who consistently took ALCAR supplements showed statistically significant improvements in measures of attention, impulsivity control, and overall executive function scores over the 12-week intervention period compared to the placebo group, suggesting a role in neurological optimization.

Learn more about this research

Anxiety and Stress Reduction

A 2023 randomized clinical trial published in the highly respected *Journal of Psychiatric Research* provided compelling evidence that ALCAR supplementation significantly reduced both the somatic (physical) and psychological symptoms associated with chronic anxiety compared to the inert placebo. Participants self-reported substantial improvements in objective measures such as sleep quality, a reduction in habitual negative rumination, and markedly lower perceived stress levels, indicating a generalized calming and regulatory effect on the nervous system.

Learn more about this research

Neuroprotection and Cognitive Aging

Groundbreaking research published in the *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)* demonstrated unequivocally that ALCAR supplementation effectively **reversed age-related decline** in critical brain energy metabolism markers and simultaneously improved cognitive function, particularly in older test subjects. The comprehensive study provided direct evidence of restored mitochondrial function and measurable improvements in memory retention and learning ability, positioning ALCAR as a key anti-aging nutrient for the brain.

Learn more about this research

Alcohol Use Disorder Recovery

A 2009 study specifically examining L-acetylcarnitine's effects in alcohol-dependent subjects found that consistent supplementation significantly improved both underlying cognitive function deficits and reduced the intensity of alcohol craving. The authors of the study concluded that ALCAR is a highly promising therapeutic agent for inclusion in the comprehensive, multi-modal treatment of severe alcohol dependence and its associated neurological sequelae.

Learn more about this research

Gut-Brain Axis and Neuroinflammation

A 2022 review article published in the authoritative journal *Cells* highlighted and synthesized ALCAR's crucial role in modulating the complex mechanisms of the gut-brain axis. It strongly suggests that ALCAR possesses the biological capacity to positively influence the composition of the gut microbiota and, consequently, to reduce systemic neuroinflammation. This mechanism holds significant and far-reaching implications for the etiology and management of a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders linked to inflammation.

Learn more about this research

Comprehensive Mental Health Support

A highly relevant 2023 study by **Drs. Brendon J. Sokol and Shaheen E. Sokol** rigorously examined broad-spectrum micronutrient formulations that strategically contain ALCAR. Their randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NoMAD) established that participants receiving the comprehensive nutrient formula experienced statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in generalized anxiety and depression symptoms when compared directly to the placebo group, highlighting the synergistic power of nutrient combinations.

Learn more about this research

The Bioavailability Problem: Why Most ALCAR Supplements Fail

Despite ALCAR's extensive, research-supported benefits and its profound mechanisms of action, the unfortunate reality is that the vast majority of supplements currently available on the market often fail to deliver meaningful, measurable results. The fundamental reason for this widespread ineffectiveness is poor **bioavailability**—defined as the degree and rate at which an ingested nutrient is absorbed into the systemic circulation and becomes available at the site of biological action (i.e., the brain). The efficacy of supplementation is directly correlated with this absorption challenge, which is often compounded by issues related to the supplement's formulation and binders.

Why Most ALCAR Supplements Fall Short

Poor Absorption (The "Binder Problem"): The majority of dietary supplements utilize common, inexpensive binders (the filler material that physically holds the pill together). In many cases, this binder material adheres to the active ingredient, such as ALCAR, *too tightly*. The human body’s digestive system cannot effectively separate the nutrient from the binder matrix, resulting in the person simply passing the ingredient with minimal or no actual absorption into the bloodstream.

Stomach Acid Degradation: Conversely, in other low-quality formulations, the binder material hangs on *too loosely*, or the coating is inadequate. This critically exposes the delicate, chemically reactive acetyl group of the ALCAR molecule to the harsh, highly acidic environment of the stomach. The acetyl group is rapidly cleaved and destroyed by stomach acid, or even degrades within the bottle due to moisture before it is ever consumed. In either scenario, the neuro-active component is lost, rendering the product ineffective for brain health.

Improper Dosing: Current, evidence-based research consistently shows that the optimal therapeutic benefits for neurological and psychiatric conditions typically require a consistent daily dose between **500mg and 2000mg**. However, many commercially available supplements contain insufficient, sub-therapeutic amounts of ALCAR or recommend inadequate dosing schedules (e.g., once daily) that fail to maintain necessary plasma and cerebral concentrations.

Missing Cofactors: ALCAR is not a solitary actor; it functions synergistically within complex metabolic pathways. It requires the presence of other key nutrients, particularly active forms of **B vitamins**, magnesium, and specific antioxidants, to perform its roles in mitochondrial transport and acetylcholine synthesis efficiently. These essential cofactors are frequently and detrimentally absent from single-ingredient or poorly formulated supplements.

The Hardy Nutritionals Difference: The 72-Hour NutraTek™ Chelation

Hardy Nutritionals takes a revolutionary, biochemically informed approach to ALCAR supplementation, fundamentally addressing the complex bioavailability problem head-on. Their advanced formulations are designed to maximize the body's ability to absorb and utilize the neuro-active compounds.

The core key to Hardy's consistently superior effectiveness lies in their proprietary, scientifically developed **NutraTek™ chelation process**. Unlike conventional supplements, Hardy meticulously **chelates these ingredients for a full 72 hours** to force them into a highly bioavailable state. This extended, multi-step chemical process creates a unique, ring-like molecular structure around the nutrient. This structure serves two crucial functions: it robustly protects the delicate acetyl group from destruction by stomach acid (solving the "too loose" binder problem) but also ensures the nutrient is efficiently and correctly released for optimal intestinal absorption (solving the "too tight" binder problem). This specialized process biologically transforms ALCAR into a form your body's cellular transporters can immediately recognize and use, thereby delivering its full therapeutic and cognitive potential.

Synergistic Formulation

Hardy's scientifically validated approach extends beyond merely superior ALCAR chelation. Their comprehensive micronutrient formulas strategically place the optimal ALCAR dosage within a carefully calibrated, synergistic matrix of supporting nutrients. This matrix ensures that all necessary cofactors are present for ALCAR to function at its highest biological efficiency:

Synergistic Nutrients in Hardy's Formulation

B Vitamins in Active Forms: Includes highly bioavailable B vitamins such as B6 (as pyridoxal-5-phosphate), B12 (as a blend of methyl-, hydroxo-, and adenosylcobalamin), and folate (as L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate). These active forms are required to support the methylation processes critical to ALCAR's neurotransmitter and metabolic functions.

Alpha-Lipoic Acid: A potent, versatile antioxidant that is both water- and fat-soluble, enabling it to regenerate other critical antioxidants (like Vitamin C and E) and dramatically enhance mitochondrial function in concert with ALCAR.

N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC): A direct precursor to glutathione, the body's most powerful master antioxidant. NAC supports robust glutathione production, actively protecting brain cells from oxidative stress and enhancing vital detoxification pathways.

L-Glutamine and L-Methionine: Essential amino acids included to support the endogenous production of key neurotransmitters (such as GABA and Serotonin) and to provide necessary raw materials for methylation and metabolic processes.

Essential Minerals: Highly chelated forms of minerals such as zinc, magnesium, selenium, and copper are included. These minerals act as essential cofactors for the thousands of enzymes involved in cellular energy production, brain function, and mood regulation, ensuring the entire metabolic system is supported.

Who Can Benefit From Hardy's ALCAR-containing Formulations?

Hardy's comprehensive micronutrient formulas, which include optimally chelated and dosed ALCAR, are designed to benefit a wide and diverse range of individuals who seek to optimize their cognitive and emotional health by addressing underlying nutritional and metabolic imbalances:

Those struggling with pervasive anxiety, clinical depression, or volatile mood fluctuations often report significant, measurable clinical improvements within a consistent period of 4-8 weeks of supplementation, due to the regulation of energy and neurotransmitter systems.

Individuals with **Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD or ADD)** may experience enhanced and sustained focus, improved executive function, and a notable reduction in behavioral impulsivity, sometimes enabling a supervised reduction in prescription medication dosages (always under the direct supervision of a qualified healthcare professional).

Those experiencing debilitating **executive and professional burnout** or severe physician burnout often notice dramatically improved mental stamina, a return to clearer, more efficient thinking, and significantly greater emotional resilience to chronic professional stress.

People suffering from lingering **post-viral syndrome** or Long COVID symptoms—particularly brain fog and chronic fatigue—may find substantial relief through ALCAR's dedicated and powerful support of compromised mitochondrial function and overall neurological health.

Athletes seeking **peak performance enhancement** benefit not only from improved physical endurance but critically from enhanced mental focus, quicker neurological recovery times, and a more robust, stable mind-body connection necessary for competitive sports and high-level training.

Experience the Transformative Power of Hardy's ALCAR Formulation

Don't settle for ineffective, low-quality supplements that waste your time and money, and consequently delay your mental health journey. Hardy Nutritionals' advanced, research-backed formulations deliver ALCAR in its most proven, bioavailable form, alongside the perfect synergistic nutrients necessary for maximum therapeutic benefit and long-term cellular health.

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Important Disclaimer

The information provided on this page is for strictly educational purposes only and is not intended to serve as a substitute for professional medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment. The nutritional supplements discussed herein have not been evaluated or approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). These products are explicitly not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease, psychological or physiological.

Always consult with a qualified, licensed healthcare provider before beginning any new supplement regimen or making changes to an existing one, particularly if you have pre-existing medical conditions, are pregnant, or are currently taking prescription medications. Individual results from supplementation may vary widely based on unique biological factors.

Taproot Therapy Collective LLC, Blackstock LLC, and Taproot Property LLC are entirely separate and unaffiliated companies from Hardy Nutritionals. We may receive commissions on sales generated using our offer code, but we are not legally or clinically liable for Hardy Nutritionals' products, services, or any claims they make.

We maintain full transparency regarding our financial affiliate arrangement with Hardy Nutritionals, in strict compliance with all Federal Trade Commission (FTC) guidelines for affiliate relationships. This affiliate relationship does not and will not influence our clinical recommendations, ethical practice, or therapeutic approach. The health and well-being of our clients remain our single highest priority at all times.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Hardy Nutritionals' products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Any decision regarding the use of supplementation should be made only in consultation with appropriate healthcare providers who are thoroughly familiar with your individual health status, medical history, and current medication regimen.

References and Scientific Research

Rucklidge, J. J., Eggleston, M. J. F., Johnstone, J. M., Darling, K., & Frampton, C. M. (2018). Vitamin-mineral treatment improves aggression and emotional regulation in children with ADHD: a fully blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(3), 232-246.

Malaguarnera, M., Vacante, M., Motta, M., Giordano, M., Malaguarnera, G., Bella, R., Nunnari, G., Rampello, L., & Pennisi, G. (2011). Acetyl-L-carnitine improves cognitive functions in severe hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Metabolic Brain Disease, 26(4), 281-289.

Montgomery, S. A., Thal, L. J., & Amrein, R. (2003). Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(2), 61-71.

Veronese, N., Stubbs, B., Solmi, M., Ajnakina, O., Carvalho, A. F., & Maggi, S. (2018). Acetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(2), 154-159.

Sokol, B. J., & Sokol, S. (2023). Efficacy and safety of a vitamin-mineral intervention for symptoms of anxiety and depression in adults: A randomised placebo-controlled trial (NoMAD). ResearchGate.

Gentile, E., Zucchetti, I., Cazzaniga, E., & et al. (2022). The Gut-Brain Axis: The Role of L-Carnitine in Neuroinflammation. Cells, 11(5), 869.

Kaplan, B. J., Rucklidge, J. J., Romijn, A. R., & McLeod, K. (2015). The Emerging Field of Nutritional Mental Health: Inflammation, the Microbiome, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Function. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(6), 964-980.

Dell'Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Mucci, F., & Marazziti, D. (2016). Depression, Serotonin and Tryptophan. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 22(8), 949-954.

Johnstone, J. M., Hughes, A., Goldenberg, J. Z., Romijn, A. R., & Rucklidge, J. J. (2021). Micronutrients for the Prevention and Treatment of Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13(12), 4419.

Rucklidge, J. J., & Kaplan, B. J. (2013). Broad-spectrum micronutrient formulas for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms: a systematic review. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 13(1), 49-73.

Pettegrew, J. W., Levine, J., & McClure, R. J. (2000). Acetyl-L-carnitine physical-chemical, metabolic, and therapeutic properties: relevance for its mode of action in Alzheimer's disease and geriatric depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 5(6), 616-632.

Malaguarnera, M., Gargante, M. P., Cristaldi, E., & et al. (2008). Acetyl L-carnitine (ALC) treatment in elderly patients with fatigue. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 46(2), 181-190.

Solfrizzi, V., Scafato, E., Capurso, C., & et al. (2011). Metabolic syndrome, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurobiology of Aging, 32(9), 1585-1594.

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