Who Was Gilbert Simondon?
Gilbert Simondon (1924-1989) was a French philosopher known for his innovative theories on individuation, technology, and the modes of existence. His work has gained significant attention in recent years, particularly in relation to the connections he drew between magic, aesthetics, and philosophy. In this essay, we will explore Simondon’s diagram of the modes of existence and examine how these seemingly disparate domains are interconnected and can inform our understanding of the human experience.
“The individual is not a definite being, finished upon arrival. It is the partial and provisorial result of individuation in that it harbors a preindividual reserve within itself that makes it susceptible to plural individuations.”
— Muriel Combes (Gilbert Simondon and the Philosophy of the Transindividual (Technologies of Lived Abstraction))
How was Simondon so Prescient?
Gilbert Simondon’s work was largely overlooked during his lifetime, as the dominant intellectual currents of the era were heavily influenced by post-structuralism. It was only in the years following his death, and particularly with the advent of the internet, that Simondon’s ideas began to receive wider recognition and appreciation.
During the 1960s and 1970s, when Simondon was most active, the philosophical landscape was dominated by post-structuralist thinkers such as Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Gilles Deleuze. These philosophers were primarily concerned with language, power, and the deconstruction of meaning, and their ideas had a profound impact on the intellectual climate of the time.
In contrast, Simondon’s work focused on the nature of technical objects, the process of individuation, and the relationship between humans and technology. He argued that technical objects should be understood not as mere tools, but as entities with their own mode of existence and evolution. Simondon also developed a theory of individuation, which sought to explain how individuals emerge from pre-individual fields and how they relate to their environment.
While these ideas were innovative and thought-provoking, they did not resonate with the prevailing intellectual trends of the time. Post-structuralists were more interested in the ways in which language and power shaped human experience, and they tended to view technology as a tool of domination and control. As a result, Simondon’s work was largely ignored or dismissed by his contemporaries.
However, with the rise of the internet and the increasing importance of technology in our daily lives, Simondon’s ideas have taken on new relevance and significance. Many scholars and thinkers have come to see Simondon as a visionary who anticipated the profound ways in which technology would shape human thought, worldview, and functioning.
For example, Simondon’s concept of the “associated milieu” – the idea that technical objects are not isolated entities, but are always embedded in a larger network of relations – has been seen as a precursor to contemporary theories of networks and systems. It could be seen as a deeply intuitive understanding of the inevitability of media becoming both more personal and more socially embeded, predicting things like facebook and algorithms. Similarly, his emphasis on the importance of understanding the internal logic and evolution of technical objects has been taken up by scholars in the field of science and technology studies.
Moreover, Simondon’s theory of individuation has been applied to the study of digital culture and online communities. Just as Simondon argued that individuals emerge from pre-individual fields, scholars have suggested that online identities and communities emerge from the pre-individual field of the internet. The process of individuation in the digital age is shaped by the algorithms, interfaces, and platforms that structure our online experiences.
In this sense, Simondon’s work can be seen as providing a framework for understanding the complex and dynamic relationship between humans and technology in the contemporary world. While his ideas may have been overlooked during his lifetime, they have proven to be remarkably prescient and valuable in the years since his death.
Simondons’ Modes of Existence
Simondon proposed three primary modes of existence: the technical, the religious, and the aesthetic. These modes represent different ways in which humans interact with and make sense of their environment. The technical mode is characterized by a focus on utility, efficiency, and the manipulation of the material world. The religious mode involves the creation of meaning, the sacred, and the collective. The aesthetic mode, situated between the technical and the religious, is concerned with the sensory, the affective, and the transformative potential of the encounter between the human and the world.
The Aesthetic Mode as a Bridge
“Affective life thus shows us that we are not only individuals, that our being is not reducible to our individuated being.”
— Muriel Combes (Gilbert Simondon and the Philosophy of the Transindividual (Technologies of Lived Abstraction))
1. The Technical Mode: Rationality and Adaptation
The technical mode of existence, characterized by a focus on utility, efficiency, and the manipulation of the material world, represents the rational and adaptive aspects of the human psyche. In psychological terms, this mode is associated with problem-solving, goal-directed behavior, and the ability to navigate the challenges of the external environment.
In the context of psychotherapy, the technical mode is relevant to cognitive-behavioral approaches that emphasize the development of practical skills and strategies for managing thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. By helping clients develop a more rational and adaptive relationship with their environment, therapists can promote resilience, self-efficacy, and the ability to cope with stress and adversity.
2. The Religious Mode: Meaning-Making and Connectedness
The religious mode of existence, concerned with the creation of meaning, the sacred, and the collective, represents the psychological need for purpose, belonging, and connection to something greater than oneself. This mode is associated with the search for meaning, the formation of identity, and the experience of transcendence.
In psychotherapy, the religious mode is relevant to existential and humanistic approaches that emphasize the exploration of values, beliefs, and the search for meaning in life. By helping clients cultivate a sense of purpose and connection to others and the world around them, therapists can promote psychological well-being, self-actualization, and the ability to find meaning in the face of suffering and adversity.
3. The Aesthetic Mode: Emotion and Transformation
The aesthetic mode of existence, situated between the technical and the religious, represents the emotional and transformative aspects of the human psyche. This mode is associated with the experience of beauty, creativity, and the ability to be moved and transformed by the world around us.
In Simondon’s diagram, the aesthetic mode occupies a central position, mediating between the technical and the religious modes. The aesthetic experience, characterized by a heightened awareness of sensory and affective qualities, has the potential to reenchant the world and restore a sense of unity and participation that is often lost in the technical mode.
Through art, poetry, and other forms of creative expression, the aesthetic mode allows us to transcend the purely functional and utilitarian aspects of existence and connect with a deeper sense of meaning and significance. In this way, the aesthetic mode serves as a bridge between the technical and the religious, reminding us of the inherent magic and mystery of the world.
In psychotherapy, the aesthetic mode is relevant to expressive and arts-based therapies that emphasize the healing power of creativity, imagination, and emotional expression. By helping clients engage with the aesthetic dimensions of their experience, therapists can promote emotional regulation, self-awareness, and the ability to find beauty and meaning in the midst of pain and suffering.
4. The Magical Mode: Enchantment and Participation
According to Simondon, magic represents a primordial mode of existence that precedes the differentiation into the technical, religious, and aesthetic modes. In the magical mode, humans experience a sense of unity and participation with their environment, where the boundaries between subject and object, self and world, are blurred. This mode is characterized by a sense of enchantment, where every aspect of the world is imbued with meaning and significance.
The magical mode of existence, representing a primordial sense of unity and participation with the environment, underlies and informs the other modes. In psychological terms, this mode is associated with a sense of enchantment, wonder, and the experience of being part of something greater than oneself.
In psychotherapy, the magical mode is relevant to mindfulness-based and transpersonal approaches that emphasize the cultivation of present-moment awareness, the interconnectedness of all things, and the experience of non-dual states of consciousness. By helping clients reconnect with the magical dimensions of their experience, therapists can promote a sense of wholeness, integration, and the ability to find enchantment and meaning in everyday life.
Simondon suggests that the magical mode of existence is not a primitive or inferior stage of human development but rather a fundamental aspect of the human experience that continues to inform and underlie the other modes. The persistence of magic in human culture, even in the face of technological and scientific advancements, attests to its enduring significance.
Implications for Philosophy
Simondon’s diagram of the modes of existence has important implications for philosophy, particularly in terms of understanding the relationship between humans and their environment. By recognizing the interconnectedness of magic, aesthetics, and philosophy, we can develop a more holistic and integrative approach to the study of the human experience.
Philosophy, in this context, becomes not merely an abstract intellectual exercise but a means of engaging with the world in a way that is attentive to the magical, the aesthetic, and the sacred dimensions of existence. By embracing the insights of Simondon’s diagram, philosophers can explore new ways of thinking about the relationship between humans and technology, the role of art and creativity in human life, and the enduring significance of magic and enchantment in the modern world.
Gilbert Simondon’s diagram of the modes of existence offers a rich and nuanced framework for understanding the psychological dimensions of human experience. By recognizing the interplay between the technical, religious, aesthetic, and magical modes, psychologists and psychotherapists can develop a more comprehensive and integrative approach to mental health and well-being.
By incorporating insights from Simondon’s work, therapists can help clients cultivate a more balanced and harmonious relationship with themselves, others, and the world around them. By embracing the rational, meaning-making, emotional, and enchanted aspects of their experience, individuals can develop greater resilience, self-awareness, and the ability to find beauty, purpose, and meaning in the face of life’s challenges and complexities.
Gilbert Simondon’s Life and Work
Gilbert Simondon (1924-1989) was a French philosopher who made significant contributions to the fields of cybernetics, technology, and the philosophy of individuation. His innovative work challenged traditional conceptions of the individual, technology, and the relationship between humans and machines.
Timeline of Gilbert Simondon’s Life
1924: Gilbert Simondon is born on October 2 in Saint-Étienne, France.
1940s: Simondon studies at the École Normale Supérieure and the Sorbonne, where he is influenced by the works of philosophers such as Henri Bergson and Gaston Bachelard.
1958: He obtains his doctorate from the Sorbonne under the supervision of Georges Canguilhem. His doctoral thesis, “L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information,” lays the foundation for his theory of individuation.
1958: Simondon publishes “On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects,” a pioneering work that explores the ontological status of technological objects and challenges the distinction between the “natural” and the “artificial.”
1960s: He teaches at various institutions, including the University of Poitiers and the University of Paris X Nanterre.
1963: Simondon becomes the Director of Studies at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, a position he holds until his retirement in 1983.
1964-1965: He delivers a series of lectures at the Sorbonne, which are later published as “L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information,” his most famous work on the theory of individuation.
1965-1966: Simondon delivers lectures on the topics of imagination and invention, which are later published as “Imagination et Invention.”
1980s: His work gains increasing recognition in France and abroad, influencing philosophers such as Gilles Deleuze, Bernard Stiegler, and Félix Guattari.
1989: Gilbert Simondon passes away on February 7 in Palaiseau, France.
Early Life and Education
Gilbert Simondon was born on October 2, 1924, in Saint-Étienne, France. He grew up in a family that valued education and intellectual pursuits. Simondon’s early education instilled in him a deep curiosity about the world and a desire to understand the fundamental nature of things.
In the 1940s, Simondon studied at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure and the Sorbonne, where he was exposed to the works of influential philosophers such as Henri Bergson and Gaston Bachelard. These thinkers had a significant impact on Simondon’s intellectual development, shaping his interest in the concepts of duration, intuition, and the philosophy of science.
In 1958, Simondon obtained his doctorate from the Sorbonne under the supervision of Georges Canguilhem, a renowned philosopher of science. His doctoral thesis, titled “L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information,” laid the foundation for his groundbreaking theory of individuation, which would become the cornerstone of his philosophical work.
Academic Career
After completing his doctoral studies, Simondon embarked on an academic career that would span several decades. He taught at various institutions, including the University of Poitiers and the University of Paris X Nanterre, where he shared his ideas with students and colleagues.
In 1963, Simondon was appointed as the Director of Studies at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, a prestigious research institution in Paris. He held this position until his retirement in 1983, using it as a platform to further develop and disseminate his philosophical ideas.
Throughout his career, Simondon delivered numerous lectures and seminars on a wide range of topics, including technology, cybernetics, psychology, and the philosophy of individuation. Many of these lectures were later published as books, ensuring that his ideas would continue to inspire and influence future generations of thinkers.
Major Philosophical Contributions
Gilbert Simondon’s philosophical work centers on two main areas: the philosophy of technology and the theory of individuation. His contributions to these fields have had a lasting impact on contemporary thought and continue to shape discussions in philosophy, social sciences, and technology studies.
1. “On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects” (1958)
In this pioneering work, Simondon challenges the traditional distinction between the “natural” and the “artificial,” arguing that technological objects have their own unique mode of existence. He proposes that technical objects undergo a process of “concretization,” whereby they evolve from abstract, disjointed elements to increasingly integrated and coherent systems. This work laid the foundation for the field of philosophy of technology and inspired a new approach to understanding the relationship between humans and machines.
2. “L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information” (1964-1965)
Simondon’s most famous work, “L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information,” develops a comprehensive theory of individuation that challenges the traditional understanding of the individual as a pre-given entity. According to Simondon, individuation is a dynamic process through which an individual emerges from a pre-individual field of potentialities. This process is driven by the interplay of form and information, which allows the individual to differentiate itself from its environment and maintain its coherence over time. Simondon’s theory of individuation has had a profound influence on philosophers such as Gilles Deleuze and Bernard Stiegler, who have built upon his ideas in their own work.
Key Concepts and Theories
1. Individuation
Individuation is the central concept in Simondon’s philosophy. It refers to the process by which an individual emerges from a pre-individual field of potentialities. Simondon argues that individuation is not a one-time event but a continuous process that unfolds throughout an individual’s existence. This process is characterized by the interplay of form and information, which allows the individual to differentiate itself from its environment and maintain its coherence over time.
2. Transduction
Transduction is the mechanism through which individuation occurs. It is a process of transformation whereby a potentiality is actualized through a series of steps or phases. Simondon uses the example of crystallization to illustrate this concept: a supersaturated solution has the potential to form crystals, but this potential is only actualized when a seed crystal is introduced, triggering a chain reaction that leads to the formation of a crystal structure. Similarly, in the process of individuation, a pre-individual field of potentialities is actualized through a series of transductive operations that give rise to an individual.
3. Technicity
Simondon’s concept of technicity challenges the traditional view of technology as a mere tool or instrument. Instead, he argues that technical objects have their own unique mode of existence and undergo a process of “concretization,” whereby they evolve from abstract, disjointed elements to increasingly integrated and coherent systems. Technicity, then, is not just a property of technical objects but a fundamental aspect of the relationship between humans and their environment. Simondon’s work on technicity has inspired a new approach to the study of technology and has influenced thinkers such as Bernard Stiegler, who has developed the concept of “originary technicity” in his own work.
Influence and Legacy
Gilbert Simondon’s thought has had a profound influence on contemporary philosophy, particularly in the fields of technology studies, media theory, and social science. His work has inspired a generation of thinkers who have built upon his ideas and applied them to a wide range of domains.
One of the most notable figures influenced by Simondon is Gilles Deleuze, who drew heavily on Simondon’s theory of individuation in the development of his own philosophical system. Deleuze’s concepts of “difference” and “repetition” owe much to Simondon’s ideas about the pre-individual field and the process of transduction.
Another important thinker influenced by Simondon is Bernard Stiegler, who has expanded upon Simondon’s work on technology and technicity. Stiegler’s concept of “originary technicity” builds on Simondon’s idea that technology is not just an external tool but a fundamental aspect of human existence.
In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in Simondon’s work, particularly in the context of debates about the relationship between humans and technology. His ideas about the mode of existence of technical objects and the process of concretization have taken on new relevance in light of the rapid development of digital technologies and artificial intelligence.
Simondon’s legacy also extends beyond the realm of philosophy, influencing fields such as media studies, sociology, and anthropology. His ideas about individuation and the pre-individual field have been applied to the study of social groups, institutions, and cultural phenomena, offering new ways of understanding the dynamics of collective life.
Bibliography:
- Simondon, G. (1958). On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects.
- Simondon, G. (1964-1965). L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information.
- Simondon, G. (1965-1966). Imagination et Invention.
- Simondon, G. (1989). Du mode d’existence des objets techniques.
- Simondon, G. (2010). Communication et Information: Cours et Conférences.
Further Reading:
- Combes, M. (2013). Gilbert Simondon and the Philosophy of the Transindividual. MIT Press.
- Chabot, P. (2013). The Philosophy of Simondon: Between Technology and Individuation. Bloomsbury Academic.
- De Boever, A., Murray, A., Roffe, J., & Woodward, A. (Eds.). (2012). Gilbert Simondon: Being and Technology. Edinburgh University Press.
- Stiegler, B. (1998). Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus. Stanford University Press.
- Barthélémy, J-H. (2015). Life and Technology: An Inquiry Into and Beyond Simondon. Meson Press.
- Deleuze, G. (1994). Difference and Repetition. Columbia University Press.
- Hui, Y. (2016). On the Existence of Digital Objects. University of Minnesota Press.
- Mills, S. (2016). Gilbert Simondon: Information, Technology and Media. Rowman & Littlefield International.
- Sauvagnargues, A. (2016). Artmachines: Deleuze, Guattari, Simondon. Edinburgh University Press.
- Massumi, B. (2002). Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Duke University Press.
- Toscano, A. (2006). The Theatre of Production: Philosophy and Individuation between Kant and Deleuze. Palgrave Macmillan.
- LaMarre, T. (2013). Gilbert Simondon and the Philosophy of the Transindividual. University of Minnesota Press.
- Iliadis, A. (2013). Informatics of Domination: Algorithmic Governmentality and the Challenge of Information. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Bardin, A. (2015). Epistemology and Political Philosophy in Gilbert Simondon: Individuation, Technics, Social Systems. Springer.
- Scott, D. (2014). Gilbert Simondon’s Psychic and Collective Individuation: A Critical Introduction and Guide. Edinburgh University Press.
0 Comments